Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SCI2010 > Science and Communication > Flashcards

Science and Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Vancouver protocol for authorship state?

A

According to this protocol for authorship, an author should have contributed to all of the following:

The data – by way of ideas, collection, analysis and/or interpretation
The writing – drafting or editing
Approval of the final version – that is, should have seen all content and take their share of responsibility for the work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is considered the fourth pillar of science?

A

Peer review

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define scepticism

A

an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the following an example of deductive or inductive reasoning?

I make the observation that each time I get up before 6.00 am, I am extremely tired by 4.00 pm in the afternoon. I reason that getting up early makes me tired.

A

Inductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define cognitive dissonance

A

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioural decisions and attitude change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define peer review

A

evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define inductive reasoning

A

amethod of reasoningin which thepremises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the advantages of the scientific method?

A

Empirical evidence
Repeated observations
Objective
Logical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 5 steps in the Five-step model of science?

A
  1. Select an interesting phenomenon to study
  2. Propose a hypothesis
  3. Experiment and observe
  4. Construct a theory/model to explain results
  5. Make predictions from model and test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What elements are important to good science?

A
  • It must include testable questions or hypothesis
  • It should be varifiable
  • The work has to be objective
  • The results must be repeatable
  • It should provide logical explanations
  • The results and arguments should be critically analysed using scepticism
  • Results must be disseminated, discussed and evaluated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define scientific method

A

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does plagiarism include?

A

Copying someone else’s words, ideas, diagrams and figures from textbooks or online sources
Copying the structure of someone else’s essay/paper/proposal/research
Recycling your work that has been previously submitted for another assignment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define news cycle

A

The reporting of a particular media story, from the first instance to the last

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define deductive reasoning

A

the process ofreasoningfrom one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of reasoning?

A

Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define H-index

A

an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity andcitationimpact of the publications of a scientist or scholar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define iterative

A

doing something again and again, usually to improve it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who are the two important philosophers who made major contributions to the way scientific thinking has progressed?

A

Karl Popper

Thomas Kuhn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is it important to avoid plagiarism?

A

It tarnishes reputations
It rewards dishonesty
breaches our social contract with the community
Distorts the scientific process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In what ways do scientists communicate with other scientists?

A

Primary research articles
Literature reviews
Conferences
Social media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define media release

A

a written or recorded communication directed at members of thenews mediafor the purpose of announcing something ostensibly newsworthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define empiricism

A

Empirical evidence is something that can be observed or measured, and is usually quantitative. Importantly empirical evidence is also repeatable, so data can be checked directly. Scientific evidence is not based on hearsay, testimonial or circumstantial evidence, and in this, it differs from some other rigorous disciplines including law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define objectivity

A

lack of bias, judgment, or prejudice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the difference between scepticism and denialism?

A

Scepticism wants to see all the evidence whereas denialism only considers the arguments that support their case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define sound

A

describes an argument that is valid and all the premises are true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define bias

A

inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair

27
Q

What are the three central components of scientific thinking?

A

Empiricism
Rationalism
Scepticisim

28
Q

True or False:

Most scientists participate in the process as reviewers because it is paid work

A

False

Most scientists participate in the process as reviewers, even though it is unpaid

29
Q

What do scientists aim to do?

A
  • Achieve some understanding of the real world
  • Make accurate, objective observations of the real world
  • Construct or test the theories that are the best current explanations of these observation
30
Q

Define meta-analysis

A

quantitative statisticalanalysisthat is applied to separate but similar experiments of different and usually independent researchers and that involves pooling the data and using the pooled data to test the effectiveness of the results

31
Q

What is a fact?

A

Something that is observed. Facts are not deduced from understanding or mechanisms

32
Q

Define monologue

A

a long speech by one actor in a play or film, or as part of a theatrical or broadcast programme

33
Q

What did Thomas Kuhn find about science?

A

Kuhn observed what scientists actually did rather than philosophise about how science should work. He found that most scientists actually started with some data and then make a hypothesis using inductive reasoning

34
Q

What is a theory?

A

A model or conceptual framework that explains all existing observations and predicts new ones. A series of related hypotheses and experiments are likely to be involved in formulating a theory. It is not speculation, conjecture or “just a theory”. Importantly, theories must be testable

35
Q

What are the steps in Peter Doherty’s model of science?

A

Hypothesis
Experiment
Publish
Discuss

36
Q

Define digital branding

A

abrandmanagement technique that uses a combination of internet branding anddigitalmarketing to develop abrandover a range ofdigital venues, including internet-based relationships, device-based applications or media content

37
Q

What is a law?

A

A theory that is far-reaching and fundamental. It provides the ‘Big’ explanations, such as gravity, but can still be built on, expanded and improved

38
Q

What are the two components that a good theory must have?

A

It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements

It must make definite predictions about the results of future observations

39
Q

Define denialism

A

a person’s choice to deny reality, as a way to avoid a psychologically uncomfortable truth

40
Q

What is a hypotheses?

A

A working assumption or provisional idea whose merit is to be evaluated. This is more than just a guess

41
Q

Define dialogue

A

a conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or film

42
Q

Why do some people reject scientific evidence?

A

Humans like consistency and there is strong tendency to eliminate cognitive dissonance: if the theory or data does not agree with your ideas or philosophy, then it is common to reject the science.

43
Q

Define valid

A

describes an argument that accurately draws a conclusion from the given premises

44
Q

What is a model?

A

A framework based on observation and experimentation that needs to be tested further. Models may be mathematical in nature, or a flow chart or concept map

45
Q

What does the Vancouver protocol not specify?

A

does not set out a formula for the order of authors

46
Q

Define confirmation bias

A

the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories

47
Q

Define rationalism

A

the practice or principle of basing opinions and actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

48
Q

Define Vancouver protocol?

A

an internationally recognised standard for determining authorship on publications based on an individual’s contributions

49
Q

What are the three human responses to challenging information?

A

Denial
Dissonance
Confirmation bias

50
Q

Define fallacy

A

a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound arguments

51
Q

Is the following argument valid and/or sound?

(a) a cat is a mammal
(b) mammals have hair/fur
(c) therefore a cat has fur

A

Valid and sound

52
Q

Define social media

A

websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking

53
Q

Define primary article

A

an article that reports on an empirical research study conducted by the authors. It is almost always published in a peer-reviewed journal

54
Q

True or False:

Science is linear

A

False

It is iterative rather than linear

55
Q

Is the following argument valid and/or sound?

(a) all beetles have wings
(b) slaters are beetles
(c) therefore slaters have wings

A

Valid but not sound

slaters are not beetles

56
Q

What four components of empiricism are crucial to science?

A

Data
Verification
Objectivity
Replication

57
Q

According to Stephen Hawking, a good theory must have two important features. What are they?

A
  • They must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements
  • They must make definite predictions about the results of future observations
58
Q

Define authorship

A

the state or fact of being the writer of a book, article, or document or the creator of a work of art

59
Q

Define professional networking

A

a deliberate activity to build, reinforce and maintain relationships of trust with other people to further your goals

60
Q

What are the possible fates of a peer reviewed article?

A
  • Rejected outright
  • Accepted with major revisions (and may then need re-reviewing)
  • Accepted with minor revisions
  • Occasionally accepted without change.
61
Q

The reasons for communicating science to a non-scientist audience can be classed as what?

A 
Economic
Democratic
Cultural
Political
Utilitarian.
62
Q

Define review article

A

anarticlethat summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic. Areview articlesurveys and summarizes previously published studies, rather than reporting new facts or analysis. Also known as a secondary article

63
Q

What did Karl Popper believe about science?

A

He believed that the correct way to implement science was the hypothethic-deduction method. He thought scientists should:

  1. start with a hypothesis
  2. work out what to expect by deduction
  3. perform tests
  4. compare the results with the expected outcome.

SCI2010 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions