Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SCI2010 > Ethical and Professional Practice of Science > Flashcards

Ethical and Professional Practice of Science Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Stanford prison experiment

A

a 1971 social psychology experiment, with questionable ethics, that attempted to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define

Informed consent

A

permission granted in full knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with knowledge of the possible risks and benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition

guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing. They include: replacement, reduction and refinement

A

The 3Rs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define

STAR technique

A

a structured manner of responding to a behavioral-based interview question by discussing the specific situation, task, action, and result of the situation you are describing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Definition

a type of bias that occurs in published academic research. It occurs when the outcome of an experiment or research study influences the decision whether to publish or otherwise distribute it

A

Publication bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Definition

One of the 3Rs which specifies that, where possible, methods that minimise the number of animals used per experiment should be used in scientific research

A

Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two approaches to animal research?

A

Utilitarian view

Deontological view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definition

animals that have a backbone or spinal column, also called vertebrae. These animals include fish, birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles

A

Vertebrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define

Andrew Wakefield

A

a discredited former British doctor who became an anti-vaccine activist. He was a gastroenterologist until he was struck off the UK medical register for unethical behaviour, misconduct and fraud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define

Nuremberg code

A

a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the subsequent Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who was the first person to clone a dog?

A

Woo Suk Hwang

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition

a discredited former British doctor who became an anti-vaccine activist. He was a gastroenterologist until he was struck off the UK medical register for unethical behaviour, misconduct and fraud

A

Andrew Wakefield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define

Declaration of Helsinki

A

a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define

Peer review

A

evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define

Ethics

A

a set of moral principles, especially ones relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three ideals of science?

A
  1. Universalism
  2. Peer review
  3. Repetition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of animals do ethical procedures apply to?

A

Live, non-human vertebrates and most crustaceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define

Imperfect/stressful environment theory

A

a way of looking at human error that maintains that misconduct occurs because various institutional pressures, incentives, and constraints encourage people to commit misconduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Definition

a structured manner of responding to a behavioral-based interview question by discussing the specific situation, task, action, and result of the situation you are describing

A

STAR technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Definition

ethical theories that place special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions

A

Deontological approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Definition

a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the subsequent Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War

A

Nuremberg code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define

Replacement

A

One of the 3Rs which specifies that, where possible, animals should avoided or substituted for other methods in scientific research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definition

results and ideas are judged by their own merit, not by the status or authority of the person presenting them

A

Universalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why was the Nuremberg code developed?

A

This was a direct response to the atrocities committed by some Nazis in the name of medical research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Definition

a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data

A

Declaration of Helsinki

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Definition

a series of social psychology experiments with questionable ethics conducted by Stanley Milgram addressing aspects of obedience to authority figures

A

Milgram’s experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Definition

an arthropod of the large, mainly aquatic group Crustacea, such as a crab, lobster, shrimp, or barnacle

A

Crustacean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

At Monash, ‘human research’ refers to what?

A

Research conducted with or about people, or their data or tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or False:

You don’t need ethical approval for simply observing the behaviour of an animal in their natural habitat

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Definition

permission granted in full knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with knowledge of the possible risks and benefits

A

Informed consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What did Harry Harlow do?

A

Dr Harry Harlow separated mothers and babies at birth, initially to prevent infection. He found that the babies developed a lot of behavioural problems and did not parent their own babies well, leading to further experimentation to examine why these behavioural problems developed in separated infants. His work was an important part of realising, for example, that human premature babies need to be handled and have skin contact and not just be kept warm and given food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define

Morals

A

standards of behaviour; principles of right and wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What were the results of Milgram’s experiment?

A

Sixty percent of the “teachers” obeyed orders to punish the learner to the very end of the 450-volt scale! No subject stopped before reaching 300 volts!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define

Employability

A

the attributes of a person that make that person able to gain and maintain employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are some examples of non-traditional jobs for scientists?

A

Law

Public policy

Actuarial work

Blogger/podcaster

Armed forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Definition

The quality of being able to be exactly copied or reproduced

A

Replicability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the STAR technique include?

A

Situation

Task

Action

R esult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define

Refinement

A

One of the 3Rs which specifies that, where possible, methods that minimise animal suffering and improve welfare should be used in experimental research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which crustaceans are not covered under ethical guidelines?

A

Shrimps and Daphnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Definition

One of the 3Rs which specifies that, where possible, methods that minimise animal suffering and improve welfare should be used in experimental research

A

Refinement

41
Q

Definition

a 1971 social psychology experiment, with questionable ethics, that attempted to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers

A

Stanford prison experiment

42
Q

Define

Transferrable skills

A

Aptitude and knowledge acquired through personal experience such as schooling, jobs, classes, hobbies, sports etc.

43
Q

Define

Utilitarian approach

A

an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. “Utility” is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities

44
Q

Definition

a way of looking at human error that maintains that misconduct occurs because various institutional pressures, incentives, and constraints encourage people to commit misconduct

A

Imperfect/stressful environment theory

45
Q

Define

The Piltdown hoax

A

a paleoanthropological hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human

46
Q

Define

Fraud

A

wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain.

47
Q

Define

Universalism

A

results and ideas are judged by their own merit, not by the status or authority of the person presenting them

48
Q

What was the skull from the Piltdown hoax actually made up of?

A

Part human, part orangutan

49
Q

Definition

wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain.

A

Fraud

50
Q

What is the basis of the Helsinki code?

A

Nuremberg code

51
Q

Definition

an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. “Utility” is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities

A

Utilitarian approach

52
Q

Which of the three ideals of science caught Hwang out?

A

Repetition - Stem cell researchers became sceptical about Hwang’s work when they could not repeat it

53
Q

What did Milgram’s experiment involve?

A

In Milgram’s experiment, so-called “teachers” (who were actually the unknowing subjects of the experiment) were recruited by Milgram. They were asked to administer an electric shock of increasing intensity to a “learner” for each mistake made during the experiment. The fictitious story given to these “teachers” was that the experiment was exploring effects of punishment (for incorrect responses) on learning behaviour. The “teacher” was not aware that the “learner” in the study was actually an actor - merely simulating discomfort as the “teacher” increased the electric shocks.

54
Q

Definition

The famous experiments, with questionable ethics, that psychologist Harry Harlow conducted in the 1950s on maternal deprivation in rhesus monkeys

A

Harlow’s experiment

55
Q

Define

Woo Suk Hwang

A

a South Korean stem-cell researcher at the center of one of the largest investigations of scientific fraud due to the fabrication of results

56
Q

What happened to Woo Suk Hwang after he was caught?

A

His papers were retracted

57
Q

Definition

One of the 3Rs which specifies that, where possible, animals should avoided or substituted for other methods in scientific research

A

Replacement

58
Q

Definition

A former geology professor at Yale University, who was arrested on charges of sexual assault and child porn possession

A

Tony Lasaga

59
Q

Definition

a way of looking at human error that maintains that complex systems would be fine, were it not for the erratic behaviour of some unreliable people in it

A

Bad apple theory

60
Q

Definition

five aspects of animal welfare under human control. They include: Freedoms from hunger or thirst; Freedom from discomfort; Freedom from pain, injury or disease; Freedom to express normal behaviour; Freedom from fear and distress

A

Five freedoms

61
Q

Definition

a German physicist who briefly rose to prominence after a series of apparent breakthroughs with semiconductors that were later discovered to be fraudulent after using the same data in multiple papers

A

Jan Hendrik Schon

62
Q

Define

Bad apple theory

A

a way of looking at human error that maintains that complex systems would be fine, were it not for the erratic behaviour of some unreliable people in it

63
Q

Define

Jan Hendrik Schon

A

a German physicist who briefly rose to prominence after a series of apparent breakthroughs with semiconductors that were later discovered to be fraudulent after using the same data in multiple papers

64
Q

What are the limits of peer review in detecting fraud?

A

Referees assume data have been honestly collected and focus more on logic and originality

65
Q

Define

Crustacean

A

an arthropod of the large, mainly aquatic group Crustacea, such as a crab, lobster, shrimp, or barnacle

66
Q

What is an example of a drug trial where participants were not adequately warned about side-effects?

A

Pfizer trial in Nigeria

67
Q

Definition

Aptitude and knowledge acquired through personal experience such as schooling, jobs, classes, hobbies, sports etc.

A

Transferrable skills

68
Q

Define

Publication bias

A

a type of bias that occurs in published academic research. It occurs when the outcome of an experiment or research study influences the decision whether to publish or otherwise distribute it

69
Q

Why was Zimbardo’s experiment aborted less than half way through?

A

psychological damage to prisoners, such as depression, and sadism on the part of guards

70
Q

Why wouldn’t universalism have caught Schön out?

A

most of us are impressed by reputation, and Schön was working with accomplished scientists in a famous laboratory

71
Q

Define

Vertebrate

A

animals that have a backbone or spinal column, also called vertebrae. These animals include fish, birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles

72
Q

Define

Tony Lasaga

A

A former geology professor at Yale University, who was arrested on charges of sexual assault and child porn possession

73
Q

Definition

a paleoanthropological hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human

A

The Piltdown hoax

74
Q

Which of the three ideals of science meant that Schön was caught?

A

Peer review - similar graphs were detected in different papers. Further checks revealed more examples of duplications

Repetition - People trying to repeat, or extend, Schön’s work must also have become sceptical

75
Q

Which two researchers found that given the right set of circumstances, ordinary people will do things that are immoral or unethical, and even cruel?

A

Milgram and Zimbardo

76
Q

What several factors can impact employability?

A
  1. Ability to identify suitable job opportunities
  2. Knowledge and abilities relating to a specific job
  3. Self-presentation
  4. External factors (i.e. job market, personal circumstances etc.)
77
Q

Present day debates about the rights of animals go back a long way, but for our purposes we can start in the mid-1600s when Descartes claimed what?

A

He set out his arguments for animals being distinct from humans. Humans, he thought, were capable of complex functions including thought, whereas animals reacted automatically to stimuli and did not feel pain.

78
Q

Define

Replicability

A

The quality of being able to be exactly copied or reproduced

79
Q

What did Zimbardo’s experiment involve?

A

Volunteers were assigned roles as ‘prisoners’ or ‘guards’. A part of the design involved humiliating prisoners in various ways (e.g. stripping and searching). The guards did whatever they judged necessary to keep the prisoners in order.

80
Q

True or False:

Informed consent does not always have to be written

A

False

81
Q

What are some criticisms of Zimbardo’s experiment?

A

Criticisms of the experiment include that there were no controls, that Zimbardo was not a neutral observer because he superintended the experiment, and that it does not enlighten us about behaviour because the volunteers were role-playing.

82
Q

Definition

inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair

A

Bias

83
Q

Define

The 3Rs

A

guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing. They include: replacement, reduction and refinement

84
Q

Definition

a South Korean stem-cell researcher at the center of one of the largest investigations of scientific fraud due to the fabrication of results

A

Woo Suk Hwang

85
Q

What are the five freedoms?

A
  1. From Hunger and Thirst: access to fresh water and good diet
  2. From Discomfort: appropriate environment including shelter, resting area
  3. From Pain, Injury or Disease: prevention / treatment
  4. To Express Normal Behaviour: space, facilities, company of the animal’s own kind
  5. From Fear and Distress: conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering
86
Q

What was the first major turning point regarding human ethics?

A

Development of the Nuremberg code after WWII

87
Q

Define

Deontological approach

A

ethical theories that place special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions

88
Q

Define

Reduction

A

One of the 3Rs which specifies that, where possible, methods that minimise the number of animals used per experiment should be used in scientific research

89
Q

Define

Harlow’s experiment

A

The famous experiments, with questionable ethics, that psychologist Harry Harlow conducted in the 1950s on maternal deprivation in rhesus monkeys

90
Q

Why are Milgram and Zimbardo’s experiments considered unethical?

A

The controversy surrounding their experiments centres on the fact that the participants were not informed about the experiment (always a problem in psychology studies), the researchers scientific competence (they participated in the experiments, and in Zimbardo’s case were not controlled studies), and that researchers ran experiments in such a way that they harmed the participants.

91
Q

What are the 3Rs?

A

Replacement

Reduction

Refinement

92
Q

Define

Milgram’s experiment

A

a series of social psychology experiments with questionable ethics conducted by Stanley Milgram addressing aspects of obedience to authority figures

93
Q

Definition

standards of behaviour; principles of right and wrong

A

Morals

94
Q

Define

Five freedoms

A

five aspects of animal welfare under human control. They include: Freedoms from hunger or thirst; Freedom from discomfort; Freedom from pain, injury or disease; Freedom to express normal behaviour; Freedom from fear and distress

95
Q

Definition

evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field

A

Peer review

96
Q

Definition

the attributes of a person that make that person able to gain and maintain employment

A

Employability

97
Q

Define

Bias

A

inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair

98
Q

Definition

a set of moral principles, especially ones relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct

A

Ethics

SCI2010 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions