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Science Flashcards

1
Q

Define cell

A

The basic unit of living things

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2
Q

Name five organelles in animal and plant cells

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria

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3
Q

Name three organelles only in plant cells

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

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4
Q

Define eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with a true nucleus

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5
Q

Define prokaryotic cell

A

A cell without a true nucleus

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6
Q

Give the function of the nucleus

A

Controls all activities of the cell

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7
Q

Give the function of the mitochondria

A

Does aerobic respiration which produces energy

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8
Q

Give the function of the ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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9
Q

Give the function of the cytoplasm

A

Chemical reactions

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10
Q

Give the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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11
Q

Give the function of the cell wall

A

Provides structure and support

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12
Q

Name the chemical that makes the cell wall

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

Give the function of the chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is active transport

A

Movement of a substance from a dilute to more concentrated solution against a a concentration gradient. Requires energy

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15
Q

3 stages of the cell cycle

A

Replication, mitosis, division

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16
Q

What happens during replication

A

DNA is copied

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17
Q

What happens during mitosis

A

Contents of cell are rearranged and nucleus divides

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18
Q

What happens during cell division

A

Two identical daughter cells are produced

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19
Q

Define stem cell

A

Unspecialised cell

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20
Q

Define differentiation

A

Process by which a cell becomes specialised

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21
Q

Three types of stem cell

A

Embryonic, adult and plant

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22
Q

Advantages of embryonic stem cells

A

Can differentiate into most types of cells

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23
Q

Where are adult stem cells found

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

Where are plant stem cells found

A

Meristem tissue

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25
Q

Define cell

A

Basic unit of living things

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26
Q

Define tissue

A

Groups of similar cells performing the same function

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27
Q

Define organ

A

Groups of tissues doing the same function

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28
Q

Define organ system

A

Groups of organs performing the same function

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29
Q

List 3 types of tissue

A

Muscular, glandular and epithelial

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30
Q

What does bile do

A

Neutralises stomach acid and breaks down fats

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31
Q

Name the organ where bile is produced

A

Liver

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32
Q

Name the organs involved in digestion

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus

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33
Q

Give the function of the small intestine

A

Reabsorbs glucose from digested food

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34
Q

Adaptations of small intestine

A

Lots of microvilli, good blood supply, thin walls, lots of mitochondria

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35
Q

Name the substance the stomach contains

A

Hydrochloric acid (pH 3)

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36
Q

Part of the digestive system responsable for reabsorbing water

A

Large intestine

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37
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine solution
( positive result = turns dark blue/ black)

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38
Q

Test for simple sugars ( glucose )

A

Bendedicts solution - turns brick red when heated

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39
Q

Test for protein

A

Biuret solution - turns purple

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40
Q

Test for lipids

A

Ethanol - milky emulsion is formed

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41
Q

What are proteins broken down into

A

Amino acids

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42
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into

A

Glucose

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43
Q

What are lipids broken down into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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44
Q

Define enzyme

A

Biological catalyst

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45
Q

Name the 3 types of digestive enzyme

A

Amylase
Proteases
Lipases

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46
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

Mouth
Pancreas
Small intestine

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47
Q

Where is protease produced

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

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48
Q

Where is lipase produced

A

Pancreas
Small intestine

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49
Q

What happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too hot

A

Denatures

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50
Q

4 components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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51
Q

Function of red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen

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52
Q

3 functions of white blood cells

A

Engulf pathogens
Make antitoxins
Make antibodies

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53
Q

Function of platelets

A

Clot the blood

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54
Q

Function of plasma

A

Transports substances around the body

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55
Q

3 types of blood vessel

A

Artery
Vein
Capillary

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56
Q

Structure of artery

A

Thick walls
Small lumen

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57
Q

Function of artery

A

Carries oxygenated blood ant high pressure away from the heart

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58
Q

Structure of a vein

A

Thin walls
Large lumen
Valves to prevent backflow

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59
Q

Function of a vein

A

Carries deoxygenated blood at low pressure toward the heart

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60
Q

Structure of capillary

A

Small lumen
Walls one cell thick

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61
Q

Function of capillary

A

Links arteries and veins
To help with diffusion

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62
Q

4 chambers in the heart

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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63
Q

Where are the 2 atria found

A

Top of the heart

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64
Q

Where are the 2 ventricles found

A

Bottom of the heart

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65
Q

Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood

A

Left

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66
Q

Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood

A

Right

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67
Q

Function of valves in the heart

A

Stop blood flowing backwards

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68
Q

Blood vessel that take deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

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69
Q

Blood vessel through which oxygenated blood is pumped to the body

A

Aorta

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70
Q

3 methods of treating cardiovascular disease

A

Drugs
Mechanical devices (stents/ pacemakers)
Transplants

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71
Q

Define coronary heart disease

A

The narrowing of coronary arteries due to a buildup of fat. This reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the heart and can cause heart attacks.

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72
Q

4 plant organs

A

Roots
Stem
Leaves
Flowers

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73
Q

3 tissues in a leaf

A

Upper/ lower epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll

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74
Q

Function of the xylem

A

Transport water and minerals ions from roots to leaves

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75
Q

Function of the phloem

A

Transports dissolved sugars from the leaves using translocation

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76
Q

Define stomata

A

Pores on the underside of a leaf

Controlled by guard cells

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77
Q

Define transpiration

A

Evaporation of water via the stomata

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78
Q

Four factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

Light, temperature, wind, humidity

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79
Q

Describe communicable disease

A

Contagious. Caused by pathogens.

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80
Q

Describe noncommunicable disease

A

Non-contagious. Not caused by pathogens.

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81
Q

Define pathogen

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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82
Q

Four types of pathogen

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi, protist

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83
Q

Explain how bacteria cause diseases

A

Produce toxins

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84
Q

Explain how viruses cause diseases

A

Take over and destroy cells

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85
Q

Describe how pathogens are spread

A

Air, water, direct contact

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86
Q

Ways to prevent infection spreading

A

Hygiene, isolation, destroying vectors, vaccines/antibiotics

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87
Q

List three viral diseases

A

Measles, HIV/AIDS, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

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88
Q

Describe characteristics of measles

A

Spread by air. Causes fever and red rash. No treatment, vaccination prevent spread

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89
Q

Characteristics of HIV/AIDS

A

Spread by sexual contact/exchange of body fluids. Causes flu like illness and attacks immune system.

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90
Q

Describe characteristics of TMV

A

Spread by direct contact, and insect vectors. Reduces photosynthesis and growth because leaves lack chlorophyll.

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91
Q

List two bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella, gonorrhoea

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92
Q

Describe characteristics of salmonella

A

Spread by unhygienic food. Causes, stomach, cramps, diarrhoea, and vomiting

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93
Q

Describe characteristics of gonorrhoea

A

Caused by sexual contact. Causes thick, yellow/green discharge and pain on urination. treated with antibiotics.

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94
Q

Describe rose black spot

A

Fungal disease. Causes black spots on leaves. Reduces photosynthesis and growth. Spread in the air and rain.
Treated by fungicides removing/burning infected leaves.

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95
Q

Describe malaria

A

Protist disease. Spread by mosquitoes, infects, red blood cells, and liver.
Causes, fever, shaking, and weakness.

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96
Q

How are bacterial infections treated

A

Antibiotics

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97
Q

Describe how viral infections are treated

A

Vaccinations/antiretroviral drugs

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98
Q

Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections

A

Difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging bodies tissues

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99
Q

Describe what painkillers do

A

Treat symptoms, but don’t kill pathogens

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100
Q

Explain how a vaccine works

A

Contains dead/inactive pathogens
White blood cells make antibodies that kill the pathogen
White blood cells, remember the antibodies and respond quicker to the future injections

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101
Q

Define herd immunity

A

Reducing the spread of the disease by vaccinating a large proportion of a population. Reduces the spread of the pathogen.

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102
Q

Define penicillin

A

An antibiotic produced from penicillium mould

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103
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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104
Q

Define antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

Strains of bacteria that have evolved resistance to antibiotics

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105
Q

Define clinical trials

A

Research studies involving human patients

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106
Q

Define a placebo

A

A medicine that does not contain the active drug

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107
Q

Define a double blind trial

A

When the doctor and patient don’t know who received the drug. Reduces bias.

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108
Q

Define noncommunicable disease

A

Cannot be spread. Not caused by pathogens e.g. cancer.

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109
Q

Define carcinogen

A

Chemicals that cause cancer, e.g. tar

110
Q

Define mutation

A

Change in the DNA/genetic material

111
Q

Define tumour

A

Bundle of abnormal cells, dividing rapidly and out of control

112
Q

Define benign tumour

A

Contained in one place, usually within a membrane. Doesn’t spread or invade other tissues.

113
Q

Define malignant tumour

A

Invade other tissues spread to other parts of the body in the blood. Secondary tumours form.

114
Q

Describe how cancer can be treated

A

Radiotherapy, chemotherapy

115
Q

Describe her radiotherapy works

A

Using ionising radiation to kill cancer cells

116
Q

Describe how chemotherapy works

A

Uses chemicals to kill cancer cells

117
Q

Three Harmful substances in cigarette smoke.

A

Nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide

118
Q

Name the addictive substance in cigarette smoke

A

Nicotine

119
Q

Name the carcinogenic substance in cigarette smoke

A

Tar

120
Q

What is the harmful effects of carbon monoxide?

A

Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen. Can cause dizziness/sickness and death.

121
Q

Why is alcohol harmful?

A

It’s poisonous and addictive

122
Q

Why should pregnant women avoid alcohol?

A

Can cause foetal alcohol syndrome
Can cause stillbirths and miscarriages
Low birth weight and premature births

123
Q

Different tissues in a leaf

A

Wax cuticles, upper/lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll , stomata

124
Q

Give the role of the upper/lower epidermis

A

Skin like, protective layer

125
Q

Give the role of the palisade mesophyll cells

A

Photosynthesis.
They are found at the top of the leaf and contain chloroplasts

126
Q

Give the role of the spongy mesophyll cells

A

Air spaces to allow gases to diffuse

127
Q

What resources are needed for photosynthesis?

A

Water
Sunlight
Carbon dioxide

128
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen and glucose

129
Q

Give the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water ——>glucose + oxygen

130
Q

What would a plant use glucose for?

A

Respiration
Store as starch. As an energy store.
Making proteins, fat and oils for growth and repair

131
Q

Three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide

132
Q

Name the organelle where respiration takes place

A

Mitochondria

133
Q

What is the difference between breathing and respiration?

A

Respiration = chemical process in cells

Breathing = physical process in lungs

134
Q

Name the two types of respiration

A

Aerobic

Anaerobic

135
Q

What does respiration release?

A

Energy

136
Q

Why is respiration important?

A

Growth and repair
Muscle contraction
Maintains body temperature
Active transport

137
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —>carbon dioxide + water

138
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

During exercise
Glucose —> lactic acid

After exercise
Lactic acid + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

139
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

Poisonous waste product, causes cramps

140
Q

How would your body get rid of lactic acid?

A

React with oxygen

141
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Amount of oxygen needed to get rid of lactic acid

142
Q

Define fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration in micro organisms

143
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

144
Q

Name the 3 subatomic particles

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

145
Q

What are the two subatomic particles in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

146
Q

Where are electrons found in the atom?

A

Orbiting the nucleus in shells

147
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive (+1)

148
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

Neutral (0)

149
Q

Give the charge of an electron

A

Negative (-1)

150
Q

Define an atom

A

Smallest particle that makes up all matter

151
Q

Define an element

A

Substance is made from only one type of atom

152
Q

Define a compound

A

Substances made from two or more types of atoms bonded together

153
Q

Define a mixture

A

Groups of atoms, elements and compounds that are mixed, but not bonded

154
Q

Define an ion

A

Charged particle formed when an atom has lost or gained electrons

155
Q

Define isotope

A

Atoms of the same element (same number of protons) with a different number of neutrons

156
Q

Name the process to separate two liquids

A

Distillation

157
Q

Name the process to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

A

Filtration

158
Q

Name the process to separate a soluble solid from a liquid

A

Crystallisation

159
Q

Name the four scientists involved in the development of the periodic table

A

Dalton, Newlands, Mendeleev, Moseley

160
Q

Describe the contribution of Dalton to the development of the periodic table

A

Ordered elements based on their atomic mass

161
Q

Describe the contribution of Newlands to the development of the periodic table

A

Kept atomic mass, discovered a repeating pattern every eighth element

162
Q

Describe the contribution of Mendeleev to the development of the periodic table

A

Switched positions of elements that did not fit patterns. left gaps for undiscovered elements

163
Q

Describe the contribution of Moseley to the development of the periodic table

A

Ordered elements based on the number of protons they had

164
Q

Give the properties of alkali metals

A

Very reactive
Low MP/BP
React well with water and halogens

165
Q

Give the properties of the halogens

A

Low MP/BP
Poor conductors of heat/electricity
Toxic
React with alkali metals

166
Q

Give the properties of noble gases

A

Very unreactive
Stable
Full outer shells
Exist as single atoms

167
Q

What is the pattern of reactivity in group one? (alkali metals)

A

Alkali metals are more reactive down the periodic table

168
Q

What is the pattern of reactivity in group 7 (halogens)

A

The halogens become less reactive as you go down the periodic table

169
Q

Word equation for the reaction between an alkali metal and water

A

Alkali metal + water —> alkali metal hydroxide + hydrogen

170
Q

Define displacement reaction

A

One more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in a compound

171
Q

What are the three types of bonding?

A

Ionic
Covalent
Metallic

172
Q

What type of bonding occurs between metals?

A

Metallic

173
Q

What type of bonding occurs between metals and nonmetals?

A

Ionic

174
Q

What type of bonding occurs between nonmetals?

A

Covalent

175
Q

What happens in ionic bonding?

A

Electrons are lost or gained

176
Q

What happens during covalent bonding?

A

Electrons are shared

177
Q

Properties of ionic compounds

A

High MP/BP
Conduct electricity when molten/dissolved
Brittle

178
Q

What structure do ionic compounds form?

A

Giant lattices

179
Q

Why do ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points?

A

Strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions, lots of energy needed to overcome them.

180
Q

Why do simple covalent molecules have low, melting/boiling points?

A

Weak intermolecular forces between molecules, these are easily overcome

181
Q

What material are diamond graphene and graphite made from?

A

Carbon atoms

182
Q

Why is diamond hard and strong?

A

For covalent bonds per atom maximum number of bonds
lots of energy required to break them

183
Q

Define atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

184
Q

Define mass number

A

Number of protons, plus the number of neutrons

185
Q

Define relative formula mass

A

The mass of a molecule

186
Q

How do you calculate % by mass?

A

(Ar of the element / Mr of the compound) x 100

187
Q

What is the equation for calculating concentration?

A

Concentration = mass/volume

188
Q

State the units for concentration

A

g/dm*3

189
Q

What are the metals that can be extracted using carbon?

A

Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
Copper
Silver
Gold
Platinum

190
Q

What metals can only be extracted using electrolysis

A

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium

191
Q

Word equation for the reaction between a metal and oxygen?

A

Metal + oxygen —> metal oxide

192
Q

Word equation for reaction between metal and acid

A

Metal + acid —> salt + hydrogen

193
Q

Word equation for the reaction between metal oxide and carbon

A

Metal oxide + carbon —> metal + carbon dioxide

194
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction between an acid and a base

A

Acid + base —> salt + water

195
Q

Word equation for the reaction between metal carbonate and acid

A

Metal carbonate + acid —> salt + water + carbon dioxide

196
Q

Word equation for the reaction between metal and water

A

Metal + water —> metal hydroxide + hydrogen

197
Q

Define ore

A

A rock that contains enough metal atoms to make extracting them commercially viable

198
Q

Define oxidation

A

Loss of oxygen, loss of electrons

199
Q

Define reduction

A

Addition of oxygen, gain of electrons

200
Q

Which ion makes a substance, acidic

A

H.+

201
Q

Which ion makes a substance, alkaline

A

0H -

202
Q

Define base

A

Chemicals capable of neutralising acids

203
Q

Define alkali

A

Soluble base

204
Q

Define electrolysis

A

Splitting a compound, using electricity

205
Q

State the type of compound that can be split by electrolysis

A

Ionic compounds

206
Q

State the type of element forms cations

A

Metals

207
Q

State the type of element forms anions

A

Nonmetals

208
Q

State the name of the positive electrode

A

Anode

209
Q

State the name of the negative electrode

A

Cathode

210
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that transfers energy from the react in chemicals to the surrounding area

211
Q

Define endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that transfers energy from the surrounding area to the reactant chemicals

212
Q

Define activation energy

A

The minimum energy needed for reaction to take place

213
Q

Define bond, energy

A

The energy required to break a specific chemical bond

214
Q

Give an example of an exothermic reaction

A

Fireworks
Combustion
Handwarmers

215
Q

Give an example of an endothermic reaction

A

Thermal decomposition
Ice packs

216
Q

Is making bonds exothermic or endothermic

A

Exothermic

217
Q

Is breaking bonds, exothermic or endothermic

A

Endothermic

218
Q

Define energy

A

The ability for something to do work

219
Q

Define conservation of energy

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed, but it can transfer between stores

220
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Joules

221
Q

What are the seven energy stores?

A

Nuclear
Elastic
Electromagnetic
Kinetic
Gravitational potential
Chemical
Thermal

222
Q

Word equation for calculating weight

A

Weight = mass x gravity

223
Q

Equation for calculating work done

A

Work done = force x distance

224
Q

Word equation for calculating kinetic energy

A

Kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x speed*2 turn

225
Q

Equation for calculating gravitational, potential energy

A

GPE = mass x gravity x change in height

226
Q

Equation for calculating efficiency

A

Efficiency = useful output (energy or power)/total input (energy or power)

227
Q

What are the equation for calculating power?

A

Power = work done/time

Power = energy transferred/time

228
Q

Define power

A

The amount of energy transferred by an object each second

229
Q

What is power measured in?

A

Watts

230
Q

Define thermal conductivity

A

The ability of a material to transfer energy by heating

231
Q

Define a conductor

A

A material with a high thermal conductivity

232
Q

Define an insulator

A

A material with low thermal conductivity

233
Q

Define conduction

A

The transfer of energy through material by the vibration of an atoms

234
Q

Define convection

A

The circulation of the fluid caused by increasing its thermal energy

235
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg substance by 1•c

236
Q

Define fuels

A

Substances that release energy when burned

237
Q

Define fossil fuels

A

Fuels made from dead animals and plants. nonrenewable

238
Q

Define biofuel

A

Fuels made directly from plant material .renewable

239
Q

Define renewable

A

It is replaced at the rate it is being used

240
Q

What are the different forms of renewable energy?

A

Biofuels
Solar
Wind
Wave
Tidal
Hydroelectric
Geothermal

241
Q

Describe how a power station works

A

Fuels are burnt to release steam
Steam turn the turbine
Generator makes electricity
Transformer sets correct voltage

242
Q

Define electrical current

A

Flow of charge from positive to negative terminal of a battery

243
Q

Describe what an electrical current is made up of

A

Moving electrons

244
Q

Give the unit for current

A

Amps (A)

245
Q

How do you measure current?

A

With an ammeter, connected in series

246
Q

What is potential difference?

A

Work done between two points in a circuit

247
Q

What is the unit for potential difference?

A

Volts (V)

248
Q

How do you measure potential difference?

A

With a voltmeter, connected in parallel

249
Q

Define resistance

A

Materials that oppose the flow of current

250
Q

Give the unit for resistance

A

Ohms

251
Q

What is a series circuit?

A

When all components are connected in the same loop
Current has one path to flow in

252
Q

What is a parallel circuit?

A

Components can be set up in different loops. The current has more than one path to flow in.

253
Q

Word equation to calculate potential difference?

A

Potential difference = current x resistance

V = IR

254
Q

What equation links power current and potential difference?

A

Power = current x potential difference

255
Q

Define alternating-current

A

An electric current repeatedly changes direction

256
Q

Define direct current

A

An electric current that flows in One Direction

257
Q

What is the blue wire in a cable?

A

Neutral wire

258
Q

What is the brown wire and cable?

A

Live wire. Carries the 230 V alternating potential difference.

259
Q

What is the green and yellow wire in a cable?

A

Earth wire. Safety feature that prevents electric shocks

260
Q

three equation for calculating power?

A

Power = energy /time

Power = current x potential difference

Power = current*2 x resistance

261
Q

Define National Grid

A

Network of cables and transformers, connecting, electricity producers to users

262
Q

Equation for calculating density

A

Density = mass/volume

263
Q

3 types of radiation

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

264
Q

Properties of alpha radiation

A

Helium nucleus
Positively charged
Most ionising
Least penetrating
Most dangerous at short distances
Stopped by paper

265
Q

Properties of beta radiation

A

High energy electron
Negatively charged
Medium ionisation and penetration
Most dangerous at mid distances
Stopped by aluminium

266
Q

List of properties of gamma radiation

A

Electromagnetic wave
No charge
Least ionising
Most penetrating
Most dangerous at long distances
Stopped by concrete

267
Q

What is half life?

A

Time taken for radiation levels to decrease by 50%

268
Q

Where in the heart is the pacemaker found

A

Right atrium

269
Q

Where in the heart is the pacemaker found

A

Right atrium

270
Q

How do the tissues in the stomach allow it to function

A

Muscular tissue
- to churn the contents
Glandular tissue
- to produce digestive juices
Epithelial tissue
- to cover inside/ outside of the stomach

271
Q

What are enzymes made of

A

Protein

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