Science 9 - Unit Test Review

Question 1

Classification of Matter -
Matter

Answer 1

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, but could also be described anything that has mass and volume
There are four types of compounds that the universe is made of; matter, energy, dark matter, dark energy.
Characteristics;
- Is made up of a atom
- States; solid, liquid, and gas
Matter is usually divided into 2 breed classification; Pure substance and Mixture

Question 2

Classification of Matter -
Pure Substance

Answer 2

Might be made of one type of particle
- Might be made of atoms or molecules
- Molecules are 2 or more atoms (called bonded) together
- Each pure substance has their own unique properties
- Ex. Sugar, Oxygen, Silica, Water, etc.
- Two types; Elements and Compounds

Question 3

Classification of Matter -
Pure Substance (Elements)

Answer 3

Characteristics;
-Made of 1 type of atom
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substance chemical reactions
- All listed on the periodic table
- Ex. Oxygen, Hydrogen, Chlorine, Carbon, and Mitrogine

Question 4

Classification of Matter -
Pure Substances (Compounds)

Answer 4

Characteristics;
- Made of 2 or more elements bonded together
- Are chemically bonded
- Ex. Water, Calcium Carbonate

Question 5

Classification of Matter -
Mixtures

Answer 5

Are 2 or more types of pure substances
- Not chemically bonded like compounds
- Two types; Heterogeneous and homogeneous

Question 6

Classification of Matter-
Mixtures (Homogeneous)

Answer 6

“Homo” means the same
Homo mixtures have different parts that are unable to be seen by the naked eye
There are two types of Homogeneous mixtures; Collid and Solution

Question 7

Classification of Matter -
Mixtures (Heterogeneous)

Answer 7

“Heter” means different
Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have different parts that can be visual by the human eye
There are two types of Heterogenous mixtures; Mechanical Mixture and Suspension

Question 8

Chemical Properties;

Answer 8

Chemical property; a characteristics of a substance that describes how it reacts when it changes into a new substance/substances
Characteristics;
- Absorbs/release; heat during reaction
- Combustible
- Forms gas when heated
- Reacts when water
- Reacts with acid
- Emits light during reaction
- Forms a precipitation in a solution

Question 9

Physical Properties;

Answer 9

Physical Property; Describes a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing its composition

Ex; Water
-Cohesion; A property of water that allows it to “stick” to itself
Adhesion; A property of water that allows its to “stick” to other things
Examples of Physical Properties -
-Color/Lustre
- Boiling point
- Melting point
- Density - g/ml particles given in a space
Solubility; measures the amount of a substance that can be dissolved in water (affected by temperature)
- Ductility; the ability to be stretched into wire
- Crystal shape; regular patteren shape
- Conductivity
-Hardess
- Texture
- Malleability; the ability to be pointed or rolled into thin sheets

Question 10

Chemicals Changes;

Answer 10

Chemical change; a change in matter that results in the formation of new substance

Question 11

Physical Changes;

Answer 11

A physical change involved a change in appearance of state, but the overall composition of the material remains the same
(Physical change are reverable)

Question 12

How do you calculate the numbers of protons

Answer 12

atomic mass subtract the number of neutrons 

Question 13

How do you calculate the numbers of neutrons

Answer 13

atomic number or number of protons minis the atomic mass

Question 14

How do you calculate the numbers of electrons

Answer 14

same number as the atomic number and number of protons

Question 15

Periodic Tables -
Who made the first periodic tables? What was amazing about it?

Answer 15

Dimitri Mendeleev created the first ever periodic table and ordered the elements by their atomic mass. The amazing thing about it was their properties were nearly identical.

Question 16

Periodic Tables -
How is the periodic table organized; Atomic Number

Answer 16

The periodic table is organized by the increase of the atomic numbers, which is the protons.

Question 17

Periodic Tables -
How is the periodic table organized; Atomic

Answer 17

The atomic mass also increase as the atomic number increase.

Question 18

Periodic Table -
How is the periodic table organized; Periods (Outermost orbital determines which period and element is in)

Answer 18

The periodic table is organized by rows that are called periods. Elements are organized into periods based on where their electrons are. The outmost filled by electrons determines what periods the element is.

Question 19

Periodic Table -
How is the periodic table organized; Groups ( similar chemical and physical properties. Why do you think this is?)

Answer 19

The vertical columns of the periodic table are organized by common physical and chemical properties. Why do you think this is?; The numbers of the outermost electrons.

Question 20

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; Alkali metals

Answer 20

Group 1 are called Alkali metal, they are included through the entire first column (Vertical Column; Red, but excluding/not including hydrogen)
Characteristics;
- Are soft, shiny, and grey metal
- Are extremely reactive
- Have a low density, low hardness, and low boiling point
- All burn red, pink, or yellow colors

Question 21

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; Alkali earth metals

Answer 21

Group 2 are called Alkali Earth Metals, they are included throughout the second column (Vertical Column; Orange). Contains Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Radium
Characteristics;
- All are somewhat shiny, silvery-white, and are much harder than group 1
- All have a strong bases when mixed with water
- Are about twice as dense then group 1

Question 22

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; Halogens

Answer 22

Group 17 are called Halogens, they include Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Lodine, and Astatine
Characteristics;
- All are extremely reactive
- All are extremely dangerous to living things (except iodine)
-end in INE
- All make acids with hydrogen
- All are vividly coloured

Question 23

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; Nobles gases

Answer 23

Group 18 called the Noble Gases, they include helium, neon, krypton, argon, xenon, and radon.
Characteristics;
- All are gases
- All do not react at all
- All glow with a bright color’s when electricity is pass through them

Question 24

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; Metals and non-metals

Answer 24

Metals are materials with characteristics of;
- Have a shiny luster
- Conduct electricity
- Conducts heat
- Are malleable
(Alloys are combinations of two or more metals, Alloys have properties of both metals)
Non-metals are materials with characteristic of;
- Do not conduct electricity or heat
- Are brittle
- Not malleable
- Exist as solids, liquids, and gasses
- Are mostly bright cultured

Question 25

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; Transition metals

Answer 25

The transition metals go from group 3 (scandium group) to group 12 (zinc group)
Characteristics;
- They are all conductors of electricity and heat
- They have have a shiny luster
- They are all malleable
- They are all gray except for gold and copper
- The only 3 magnetic elements are in the transition metals include (Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel)
Located on the periodic table;
21-30
39-48
72-80

Question 26

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; Poor metals

Answer 26

Poor metals are in group 13, 14, 15, and 16
Below the “staircase”
- Are very malleable
- Very soft
- Poor electivity conductors
- Low boiling point

Question 27

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; metalloids

Answer 27

Elements that are along the staircase, they act like metal and non-metal. This includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium

Question 28

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; lanthaniders

Answer 28

The ‘disconnected’ rows of the periodic table are called the Lanthanides and actinides
Characteristics;
- They are all radioactive
- All are very reactive
Located;
The entire top column going horizontally/sideways

Question 29

Periodic Tables -
Characteristics and location
Groups; antinders

Answer 29

The “disconnected’ rows of the periodic tables are called the Lanthanides and actinides
Characteristics;
- They are all radioactive
- All are very reactive
Located;
The entire bottom column going horizontally/sideways

Question 30

Periodic Tables -
What does the staircase divide in the periodic table

Answer 30

The “Staircase” divides the poor metals and non-metals. The top part is the non-metals and the lower part of the “staircase” is the metals.

Question 31

Elements Vs Compounds
How do you count atoms in a compound?

Question 32

Elements Vs Compounds
Types of Compounds (Be able to classify these as well)
- Ionic

Answer 32

Ionic Compounds
Metal and Non-metals bond
Iconic compounds have distinct characterizes because of how the atoms are bonded together
Characteristics;
High melting points
Form crystals
Dissolve in water to produce solutions that conduct electricity
Solids at room temperature

Question 33

Elements Vs Compounds
Types of Compounds (Be able to classify these as well)
- Convalent

Answer 33

Covalent Compounds
Non-metals and Non-metals bond
Covalent compounds have distinct characters because of how the atoms are bound together
Characteristics;
relativity low boiling point
Are usually good insulators but poor conductors
Can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature

Question 34

Atomic Model Timeline -
John Dalton

Answer 34

John Dalton
England
Early 1800s
All matter is made of small, indivisible particles called atoms
All atoms of an elements are identical in properties such as size and mass
Atoms of different elements have different properties
Atoms of different elements can combine to form new substance
Supporting Evidence; Dalton reconsidered the ancient ideas of how different kinds of elements were made by different types of atoms and his work and experiments led him to imagine that atoms were like small spheres

Question 35

Atomic Model TimeLine -
J.J. Thomson

Answer 35

J.J. Thomson
England
1897
Each atom is composed of smaller particles.
The atom is a positively charged sphere with electrons scattered thorough out it
Model; A circle that is red with negative (electrons) and positive (protons) scattered throughout it evenly
Evidence; Used an electric current in a glass tubes called cathode ray tubes, he was able to cause atoms of all the elements and it produces negatively charged particle later called electrons and since atoms don’t have overall electric charge, there is a positive charge, now called protons. He had also discovered the neutral character.

Question 36

Atomic Model TimeLine -
Ernest Rutherford

Answer 36

Ernest Rutherford
England
1911
All the positive charged were concentrated in the center of a nucleus but is surrounded by the negative charged (electrons) but it only contained a small fraction of its mass but occupied most of its volume
Supporting Evidence; He launched particles at a very thing gold foil that acted as the nucleus, the positive charge (protons) would go directly through it but 1/10k, some charges would bounce back form the foil. He also came up with the neutrons, and that neutrons had the same amount as protons.

Question 37

Atomic Model TimeLine -
Niels Bohr

Answer 37

Niels Bohr
Denmark
1913
Electrons were arranged in specific levels around the nucleus
The maximums numbers of two on the first ring and eight on the second and thirds ring
Evidence; Bohr concluded from his experiment that electrons jump between specific energy levels around the nucleus.

Question 38

Modern Quantum Mechanical Model

Answer 38

Electrons do not exist as tiny points inside the atom
Electrons exist in specific energy levels but they form a electron cloud around the nucleus
Evidence; Based on scientific arguments and evidnce, many scientists concluded that electrons could exist at various distance form the nuclues, rather than at specifc energy levelts as Bohr orginally state. These distance can be caculated