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exam reviewer > science(9) > Flashcards

science(9) Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

bio (life) logy (study)

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2
Q

External Respiration

A

breathing - oxygen is diffused in the blood)

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3
Q

Internal Respiration

A

cellular respiration - oxygen is supplied in cells

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4
Q

PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

A

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (URT)

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (LRT)

Trachea
Bronchi/Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Diaphragm

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5
Q

linings covering the lungs

A

PLEURAL MEMBRANE

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6
Q

Gas exchange takes place in the

A

alveoli

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7
Q

Where the pathway for air and food

A

pharynx

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8
Q

two openings

A

nostrils

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9
Q

parts of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

(voice box

A

Larynx

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11
Q

narrow part of larynx

A

glottis

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12
Q

prevents food from entering lungs

A

epiglottis

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13
Q

two tubes)

A

Bronchi/Bronchus

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13
Q

windpipe

A

trachea

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14
Q

fine tubes that allow passage of air

A

bronchioles

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15
Q

how does body us oxygen

A

Oxygen is for respiration

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15
Q

(main organs of the respiratory system) (right: 3 lobes, left: 2 lobes)

A

Lungs

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16
Q

(powerful muscle at the bottom of the rib cage)

A

Diaphragm

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16
Q

__ and __ traps and remove dust

A

cilia and mucus

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17
Q

transports substances throughout the body
heart, blood, blood vessels

A

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

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18
Q

ASTHMA
CAUSES:
TREATMENTS:

A

ASTHMA: breathing is impaired by constriction of bronchi and bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus secretions

CAUSES: inhalation of allergens (eg. pollen, cats, & cockroach proteins), pollutants, infection, or emotional stress

TREATMENTS: alleviates symptoms (eg. immunosuppressors, bronchodilators), not a cure

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19
Q

Bronchitis
causes

A

BRONCHITIS: inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi

CAUSES: smoking, pollution, and bacterial or viral infections

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20
Q

PNEUMONIA:
CAUSES:
TREATMENTS:

A

PNEUMONIA: acute inflammation of the lungs

CAUSES: bacterial, fungal, or viral infections

TREATMENT: antibiotics or other antimicrobials

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21
Q

EMPHYSEMA
CAUSES:
TREATMENTS:

A

EMPHYSEMA: permanent & irreversible destruction of alveolar walls

CAUSES: smoking, pollution, old age, & infections

TREATMENT: oxygen to help breathing, no cure

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22
Q

: study of the structure of the human body

A

ANATOMY:

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22
Q

LUNG CANCER
CAUSES:
TREATMENTS:

A

LUNG CANCER: cancerous growth that invades and destroys lung tissue

CAUSES: smoking & pollution

TREATMENT: surgery, radiation, & chemotherapy

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23
Q

study of how the human body works

A

PHYSIOLOGY:

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24
Q

it keeps your heart intact

A

HEARTSTRINGS

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25
Q

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

A

ATOM
MOLECULE
ORGANELLE
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE

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26
Q

a muscular organ about the size of a fist, that pumps blood through the body

A

HEART

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27
Q

parts of the heart

A

superior vena cava
aortic semilunar valve
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
inferior vena cava
aorta
left atrium
pulmonary semilunar valve
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
antrioventricular septum

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28
Q

the river of life

A

BLOOD

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29
Q

liquid portion of the blood

A

plasma

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30
Q

it carry’s hemoglobin and oxygen

A

erythrocytes

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31
Q

how many days does rb live?

A

120 days

32
Q

where does blood form?

A

bone marrow

33
Q

it fights infections

A

Leukocytes

34
Q

5 types of wbc

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

35
Q

clots blood by sticking together via protein fibers called fibrin

A

THROMBOCYTES

36
Q

moves blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

37
Q

the pathway of blood

A

BLOOD VESSELS

38
Q

moves blood towards the heart

A

Veins

39
Q

connects the arteries and veins

A

Capillaries

40
Q

area where blood enters the capillaries

A

ARTERIOLES

41
Q

area where blood exits the capillaries

A

VENULES

42
Q

PATHWAY OF BLOOD:

A

PATHWAY OF BLOOD:
Vena Cava (Inferior & Superior)
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Capillaries
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicupid/Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta

43
Q

is the largest vein of the body

A

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

44
Q

the strongest chamber

A

LEFT VENTRICLE

45
Q

the largest artery of the body

A

AORTA

46
Q

walls of tissue

A

antrioventrioular septum

46
Q

blood to and from the kidneys

A

RENAL CIRCULATION

47
Q

the blood to the heart

A

CORONARY CIRCULATION

48
Q

blood to the digestive tube and liver

A

HEPATIC PORTAL CIRCULATION

49
Q

blood pathway where deoxyginated blood -> oxygenated

A

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

50
Q

oxygenated -> all organs

A

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

51
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD:

A

transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes

protection against toxins, pathogens, and blood loss injuries

stabilization of body temperature

regulation of pH through the blood buffering system and electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body (7.35 to 7.45)

51
Q

studies hereditary information

A

GENETICS

52
Q

refers to the transmission of characteristics (eye color, height, hair texture, earlobe shape, skin color, etc.)

A

HEREDITY

53
Q

A person has __ pairs of chromosomes (__ autosomes, _ gamete/sex cells)
__ - FEMALE, __ - MALE

A

A person has 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 autosomes, 1 gamete/sex cells)
XX - FEMALE, XY - MALE

53
Q

father of genetics

A

GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL

54
Q

what did gregor mendel used

A

pea plants (pisum sativum)

55
Q

blueprint of life

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

56
Q

unit of heredity, a section of DNA

A

GENES

57
Q

entire set of genes

A

GENOME

58
Q

2 genes that occupy the same position

A

ALLELES

59
Q

fixed location on a strand of DNA

A

LOCUS

60
Q

genetic makeup

A

GENOTYPE

61
Q

stronger trait, shown in phenotype

A

DOMINANT

61
Q

PHENOTYPE

A

physical appearance

61
Q

weaker trait, not expressed in phenotype

A

RECESSIVE

62
Q

two chromosomes in a pair normally inherited from the mother and one form the father (chromatids)

A

homologous

62
Q

organized package of dna found in the nucleus of the cell

A

chromosomes

63
Q

“dominant recessive”

A

Heterozygous

63
Q

“dominant/recessive”

A

Homozygous

64
Q

one allele is dominant over the other

A

LAW OF DOMINANCE

65
Q

mix of the traits

A

LAW OF INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

66
Q

both alleles are dominant

A

CODOMINANCE

67
Q

the loss of entire species anywhere in the world
caused by biological or natural factors (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoon, tsunami, growing population, predation, and competition)

A

EXTINCTION

68
Q

main reason for the current extinction

A

HUMAN ACTIVITIES

69
Q

species that intentionally or accidentally introduced to a habit that compete with native species for resources

A

invasive alien species

70
Q

VULNERABILITY OF SPECIES TO EXTINCTION

A

Limited geographical range
Adapted to a very stable environment
Specialized diet
Small population size
Low genetic diversity
Harvested and hunted
Large body size

71
Q

ANIMALS THOUGHT TO BE EXTINCT:

A

Giant Palehouse Earthworm (1980s)
The West African Coelacanth (1938)
The ‘Terror Skink’ of the South Pacific (2003

72
Q

EXTINCT ANIMALS:

A

Tasmanian tiger (1930s)
Dodo of mauritius (1691)
Woolly mammoth (7,500 years ago)

73
Q

ENDANGERED ANIMALS:

A

Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca))
Sea otter (Enhydra lutris)
Snow leopard (Panthera uncia)
Gorilla (Gorilla beringei)
Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)
Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)

74
Q

reason of extinctions

A

human activities
pollution
over exploitionof resources
habitat loss and degration

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