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science(9) Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

bio (life) logy (study)

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2
Q

External Respiration

A

breathing - oxygen is diffused in the blood)

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3
Q

Internal Respiration

A

cellular respiration - oxygen is supplied in cells

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4
Q

PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

A

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (URT)

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (LRT)

Trachea
Bronchi/Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Diaphragm

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5
Q

linings covering the lungs

A

PLEURAL MEMBRANE

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6
Q

Gas exchange takes place in the

A

alveoli

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7
Q

Where the pathway for air and food

A

pharynx

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8
Q

two openings

A

nostrils

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9
Q

parts of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

(voice box

A

Larynx

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11
Q

narrow part of larynx

A

glottis

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12
Q

prevents food from entering lungs

A

epiglottis

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13
Q

two tubes)

A

Bronchi/Bronchus

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13
Q

windpipe

A

trachea

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14
Q

fine tubes that allow passage of air

A

bronchioles

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15
Q

how does body us oxygen

A

Oxygen is for respiration

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15
Q

(main organs of the respiratory system) (right: 3 lobes, left: 2 lobes)

A

Lungs

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16
Q

(powerful muscle at the bottom of the rib cage)

A

Diaphragm

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16
Q

__ and __ traps and remove dust

A

cilia and mucus

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17
Q

transports substances throughout the body
heart, blood, blood vessels

A

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

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18
Q

breathing is impaired by constriction of bronchi and bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus secretions

CAUSES: inhalation of allergens (eg. pollen, cats, & cockroach proteins), pollutants, infection, or emotional stress

TREATMENTS: alleviates symptoms (eg. immunosuppressors, bronchodilators), not a cure

A

Asthma

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19
Q

inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi

CAUSES: smoking, pollution, and bacterial or viral infections

A

BRONCHITIS:

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20
Q

acute inflammation of the lungs

CAUSES: bacterial, fungal, or viral infections

TREATMENT: antibiotics or other antimicrobials

A

PNEUMONIA:

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21
Q

permanent & irreversible destruction of alveolar walls

CAUSES: smoking, pollution, old age, & infections

TREATMENT: oxygen to help breathing, no cure

A

EMPHYSEMA:

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22
: study of the structure of the human body
ANATOMY:
22
cancerous growth that invades and destroys lung tissue CAUSES: smoking & pollution TREATMENT: surgery, radiation, & chemotherapy
LUNG CANCER:
23
study of how the human body works
PHYSIOLOGY:
24
it keeps your heart intact
HEARTSTRINGS
25
a muscular organ about the size of a fist, that pumps blood through the body
HEART
26
parts of the heart
superior vena cava aortic semilunar valve right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle inferior vena cava aorta left atrium pulmonary semilunar valve bicuspid/mitral valve left ventricle antrioventricular septum
27
the river of life
BLOOD
28
liquid portion of the blood
plasma
29
it carry's hemoglobin and oxygen
erythrocytes
30
how many days does rb live?
120 days
31
where does blood form?
bone marrow
32
it fights infections
Leukocytes
33
5 types of wbc
neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
34
clots blood by sticking together via protein fibers called fibrin
THROMBOCYTES
35
moves blood away from the heart
Arteries
36
the pathway of blood
BLOOD VESSELS
37
moves blood towards the heart
Veins
38
connects the arteries and veins
Capillaries
39
area where blood enters the capillaries
ARTERIOLES
40
area where blood exits the capillaries
VENULES
41
PATHWAY OF BLOOD:
PATHWAY OF BLOOD: Vena Cava (Inferior & Superior) Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary artery Capillaries Pulmonary vein Left atrium Bicupid/Mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta
42
is the largest vein of the body
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
43
the strongest chamber
LEFT VENTRICLE
44
the largest artery of the body
AORTA
45
walls of tissue
antrioventrioular septum
45
blood to and from the kidneys
RENAL CIRCULATION
46
the blood to the heart
CORONARY CIRCULATION
47
blood to the digestive tube and liver
HEPATIC PORTAL CIRCULATION
48
blood pathway between the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
49
pathway between the left sides of the heart, to the aorta, and the rest of the body
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
50
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD:
transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes protection against toxins, pathogens, and blood loss injuries stabilization of body temperature regulation of pH through the blood buffering system and electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body (7.35 to 7.45)
50
studies hereditary information
GENETICS
51
refers to the transmission of characteristics (eye color, height, hair texture, earlobe shape, skin color, etc.)
HEREDITY
52
A person has __ pairs of chromosomes (__ autosomes, _ gamete/sex cells) __ - FEMALE, __ - MALE
A person has 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 autosomes, 1 gamete/sex cells) XX - FEMALE, XY - MALE
52
father of genetics
GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
53
what did gregor mendel used
pea plants (pisum sativum)
54
blueprint of life
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
55
unit of heredity, a section of DNA
GENES
56
entire set of genes
GENOME
57
2 genes that occupy the same position
ALLELES
58
fixed location on a strand of DNA
LOCUS
59
genetic makeup
GENOTYPE
60
stronger trait, shown in phenotype
DOMINANT
60
PHENOTYPE
physical appearance
60
weaker trait, not expressed in phenotype
RECESSIVE
61
two chromosomes in a pair normally inherited from the mother and one form the father (chromatids)
homologous
61
organized package of dna found in the nucleus of the cell
chromosomes
62
“dominant recessive”
Heterozygous
62
“dominant/recessive”
Homozygous
63
one allele is dominant over the other
LAW OF DOMINANCE
64
mix of the traits
LAW OF INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
65
both alleles are dominant
CODOMINANCE
66
the loss of entire species anywhere in the world caused by biological or natural factors (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoon, tsunami, growing population, predation, and competition)
EXTINCTION
67
main reason for the current extinction
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
68
species that intentionally or accidentally introduced to a habit that compete with native species for resources
invasive alien species
69
VULNERABILITY OF SPECIES TO EXTINCTION
Limited geographical range Adapted to a very stable environment Specialized diet Small population size Low genetic diversity Harvested and hunted Large body size
70
ANIMALS THOUGHT TO BE EXTINCT:
Giant Palehouse Earthworm (1980s) The West African Coelacanth (1938) The ‘Terror Skink’ of the South Pacific (2003
71
EXTINCT ANIMALS:
Tasmanian tiger (1930s) Dodo of mauritius (1691) Woolly mammoth (7,500 years ago)
72
ENDANGERED ANIMALS:
Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)) Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Gorilla (Gorilla beringei) Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
73
reason of extinctions
human activities pollution over exploitionof resources habitat loss and degration

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