Science Flashcards by Ms Lucy

Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is highly resistant to lactate-mediated fatigue because cardiac muscle

Uses aerobic respiration in mitochondria for energy

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Which connects two bones together?

ligaments

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Demyelininzation results in which of the following?

A. Inhibited detection of a stimulus at the dendrites of a nerve cell

B. Disrupted propagation of an action potential along the axon of a nerve cell

C. Inhibited uptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse of a nerve cell

D. Disrupted ability of the Na+/K+ pumps to depolarize a cell

B. Disrupted propagation of an action potential along the axon of a nerve cell

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Which of the following compounds prevents the lungs from collapsing?

A. Mucus
B. Surfactant
C. Enzymes
D. Buffers

B. Surfactant

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The bands in musclce sarcomere are formed by Actin and which of the following other proteins?

A. Myosin
B. Dynein
C. Keratin
D. Laminin

A. Myosin

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In which part of the body do T-cells mature?
A. Bone marrow
B. Thymus
C. Adrenal glands
D. Thyroid

B. Thymus

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Which of the following substances will dissolve in water?

A. CH4
B. CCl4
C. CH3OH
D. C8H18

C. CH3OH

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Which of the following glands is the primary producer of insulin?

A. Thyroid
B. Adrenal
C. Pituitary
D. Pancreas

D. Pancreas

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In which of the following areas does protein breakdown begin in the human body?

A. mouth
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. large intestine

B. stomach

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Which of the following are sesamoid bones?
A. phalanges
B. Patellae
C. Scapulae
D. Metatarsals

B. Patellae

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Which of the following produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy?
A. Endometrium
B. Cervix
C. Corpus luteum
D. Fallopian Tubes

C. Corpus luteum

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Which of the following cell types provides waterproofing function for the outer layers of skin?

A. melanocytes
B. Keratinocytes
C. Merkel cells
D. Langerhans cells

B. Keratinocytes

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The nephridium in worms has a function most similar to which of the following organs in humans?
A. liver
B. spleen
C. lymph nodes
D. kidney

D. kidney

Nephridia in segmented worms operate similarly to the nephron of the kidneys. Nephrons in the kidneys contain a collecting tubule that aids in urine production.

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An atom has 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons. Which is the atom’s mass number?

A. 3
B. 6
C. 7
D. 7
E. 10.

C. 7

The mass of an atom is the sum of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

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Which of these structures diverts food into the esophagus and prevents it from entering the lungs?

A. uvula
B. soft palate
C. tonsils
D. Epiglottis

D. Epiglottis

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Voice box for sound production

Larynx

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Kidneys remove which of the following from blood?
A. Platelets
B. salts
C. oxygen
D. fat

B. salts

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Which of the following terms describes a sample composed of particles condensed into a small space and having vibrational but not translational motion?
A. solid
B. liquid
C. gas
D. Plamsa

A. solid

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Only layer found in thick skin/ Contains 2-3 layers of anucleate cells

Stratum Lucidum

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Any molecule the immune system identifies as foreign/ EX: Toxins from insect bites

Antigens

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Protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. Consists of 3 layers of connective tissue

meninx

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stimulates milk production/ Located in the Anterior Pituitary gland and is known as

Prolactin

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Accounts for 46-63% of blood

Plasma

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measures vital capacity

spirometer

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Gathering of chewed food into a ball in order to be swallowed.

Bolus

Mechanical/Chemical/Biological defenses

Body's first line of defense

Bodys 3rd line of defense

cell-mediated immune response

Stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete hormones EX: FSH (helps female ovaries release an egg)

tropic hormones

Internal aspect of the innate immune system cause what non specific cellular responses?

Inflammation, production of interferon, and ingestion of pathogens by phagocytes

Defense that employs B cells A. Antibody-mediated immunity B. Passive Immunity C. All of the above D. None of the above.

A. Antibody-mediated immunity

3 Main Parts of the Cell?

Plasma membrane, Nucleus, and Cytoplasm

Carry out metabolic life functions

organelles

parallel flattened sacs covered with ribosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

no ribosomes/ functions as lipid production and storage

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell(Shipping Department)

Golgi apparatus

Necessary for cellular metabolism/ have powerful digestive enzymes

Lysosomes

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production and cellular respiration and a small amount of DNA is found

Mitochondria

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ATP

Types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

connective tissue

moves the body and its contents by contraction

muscle tissue

Receives stimuli from the external environment and communicates through through electrical impulses with the rest of the body

nervous tissue

Which of the following statements correctly describes neurons? A. Motor neurons carry an efferent impulse B. Sensory neurons cause muscle contractions C. Sensory neurons carry an efferent impulse.

A. Motor neurons carry an efferent impulse

which nerve structures transmits nerve impulses to other cells?

axon

Inside of adult long bones, yellow bone marrow is located within which ?

medullary cavity

Which of the following causes low lung compliance as a result of elastic lung tissue destruction?

emphysema

``` Which process during glucose and amino acids enter the renal tubule and are transported to the peritubular capillaries? A. reabsorbption B. secretion C. diffusion D. osmosis ```

A. reabsorption

Bloood vessels in bones travel in

Volkmann canals

Which of the following is the correct seqence when tracing the path of air from the upper to lower respiratory tract? A. nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles B. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx , trachea, bronchi, bronchioles C. nasal cavity, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx larynx

B. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

``` Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs across the alveolar membrane by the process of A. reabsorbption B. secretion C. diffusion D. osmosis ```

C. diffusion

``` For which of the following conditions is compliance the highest? A. Asthma B. Bronchitis C. Emphysema D. Lung cancer ```

C. Emphysema

Which of the following vessels carry deoxygenated blood? A. Pulmonary veins and arteries B. Vena cava and pulmonary veins C. Pulmonary arteries and vena cava.

C. Pulmonary arteries and vena cava.

The arteries are thicker and more elastic than the veins because

arteries are under greater pressure

The blood pressure might read 120/70 mm Hg. What is the higher number and what does it mean?

Systole | phase of when the heart is contracting

__neurons carry stimulus towards the central nervous system while __ neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system.

sensory | motor

``` Passes water, glucose, wastes and electrolytes from blood A. Glomerulus B. Proximal tubule C. Collecting duct D. Bowman's capsule ```

A. Glomerulus

``` passes water from the blood into the filtrate A. Glomerulus B. Proximal tubule C. Collecting duct D. Bowman's capsule ```

B. Proximal tubule

``` delivers urine to the renal pelvis from the distal tubules A. Glomerulus B. Proximal tubule C. Collecting duct D. Bowman's capsule ```

C. collecting duct

``` collects filtrate that has left the blood through the glomerulus. A. Glomerulus B. Proximal tubule C. Collecting duct D. Bowman's capsule ```

D. Bowman's capsule

The renal cortex __ A. is the location of the kidney where the glomeruli and Bowman's capsules are found. B. Contains renal pelvis C. is the location where antiotensinogen is produced.

A. is the location of the kidney where the glomeruli and Bowman's capsules are found.

The renal pelvis is located within the

renal medulla

Antiotensinogen is produced by the

liver

Renin is an enzyme produced by which of the following? A. The kidneys that converts antiotensinogen from the liver to angiotensin I B. Kidneys that is part of chemical cascade that decreases blood pressure C. liver

A. The kidneys that converts antiotensinogen from the liver to angiotensin I

Renin is part of the chemical cascade that __ blood pressure

increases

Renin is produced in the

kidney

__is produced by the kidneys when baroreceptors detect that blood pressure is too low

renin

__is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that leads to an increased reabsorption of water

Aldosterone

The secretion of aldosterone __blood pressure

increases

The secretion of antidiuretic hormone __blood pressure

increases

Passive immunity is

temporary immunity gained by a body that has acquired antibodies from an outside source.

Protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of specific antigens A. Passive immunity B. Active immunity C. Specific immunity

B. active immunity

A body's response to a solution of dead or weakened pathogens introduced to the body for purpose of stimulating antibody production for that pathogen

vaccine

swelling, pain, heat and redness from an innate immune response

inflammation

Bee sting with a life threatening allergic response that affects the respiratory system is due in part to production of antibodies. What is responsible for this reaction? A. Inactive immunity B. Active immunity

B. active immunity

``` Which of the following secretes interleukins and triggers the action of other cells? A. Cytotoxic T cells B. Helper T cells C. Histamine D. B-cells ```

B. Helper T cells

``` __are a category of lymphocytes that attack foreign cells. A. Cytotoxic T cells B. Helper T cells C. Histamine D. B-cells ```

A. Cytotoxic T cells

``` __is a white blood cell secretion that triggers capillary permeability and vasodilation. A. Cytotoxic T cells B. Helper T cells C. Histamine D. B-cells ```

C. Histamine

``` __ is a lymphocyte that matures in bone marrow and makes antibodies in response to antigens. A. Cytotoxic T cells B. Helper T cells C. Histamine D. B-cells ```

D. B-cells

``` __ is a calcium phosphate salt that mineralizes bone. A. Hydroxyapatite B. Osteoclasts C. Osteoblasts D. Osteoporosis ```

A. Hydroxyapatite

``` __build bone by producing collagen matrixd to which hydroxyapatite attaches. A. Hydroxyapatite B. Osteoclasts C. Osteoblasts D. Osteoporosis ```

C. Osteoblasts

``` __is a bone disease that results from a pathological deficit of minerals in bones. A. Hydroxyapatite B. Osteoclasts C. Osteoblasts D. Osteoporosis ```

D. Osteoporosis

``` Which of the following structures is located in the axial skeleton and lined with mucus membrane A. Sinus B. Mandible C. Sternum D. Hyoid bone ```

A. Sinus

``` _-permits mastication and is another name of jaw bone A. Sinus B. Mandible C. Sternum D. Hyoid bone ```

B. Mandible

``` __is a bone of the ventral aspect of the axial skeleton to which true ribs attach. A. Sinus B. Mandible C. Sternum D. Hyoid bone ```

C. Sternum

``` The __ is a point of tongue and larynx attachment A. Sinus B. Mandible C. Sternum D. Hyoid bone ```

D. Hyoid bone

``` Which stimulates production of antibodies? A. Immunoglobulin B. Interferon C. Vaccine D. Cytokines ```

C. Vaccine

Which of the following correctly describes the function of a structure in the circulatory system? A. Aorta contains oxygen-poor blood B. Pulmonary vein takes blood away from the heart C. Pulmonary artery takes blood away from the lungs D. Pulmonary artery contains oxygen-poor blood

D. Pulmonary artery contains oxygen-poor blood

The pulmonary __carries oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to lungs. A. veins B. arteries

B. arteries

The renal arteries are the two branches of the __aorta that supply the kidneys

abdominal

A renal __is a blood vessel that carries blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava A. veins B. arteries

A. veins

``` __is a decrease in the diameter of blood vessels in the dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin. It minimizes heat loss from blood through the skin. A. Cutaneous vasodilation B. sweating C. Cutaneous vascoconstriction D. Tensing of arrector pili muscles ```

C. Cutaneous vascoconstriction

Which of the following is a result of inhibited osteoblast function at the epiphyseal plate? A. Mineralization will not occur in this location B. Pathological overabundance of collgen will be produced C. Hydroxyapatite will be deposited in this location D. Periosteum will develop at a pathological rate

A. Mineralization will not occur in this location

``` If mineral resorption is prevented, and calcium is not removed from bone, which of the following occurs? A. hypocalcemia B. Tetany can be prevented C. achondroplastic dwarfism D. hydroxyapatite ```

A. hypocalcemia

``` __is a deficit in plasma calcium. It can be caused when calcium is not liberated from bone to be allowed to enter the blood. A. hypocalcemia B. Tetany C. achondroplastic dwarfism D. hydroxyapatite ```

A. hypocalcemia

``` __is an involuntary and continuous contraction of skeletal muscle. It can be caused by hypocalcemia of plasma. A. hypocalcemia B. Tetany C. achondroplastic dwarfism D. hydroxyapatite ```

B. Tetany

``` Which of the following terms refers to a self-contained part of the organims that performs a specific function? A. Tissue B. organ C. organelle D. Organ system ```

B. organ

``` _is a specialized part of the cell that has a specific function. A. Tissue B. organ C. organelle D. Organ system ```

C. organelle

``` Which of the following terms refers to the small passages of the respiratory system that terminate in air sacs? A. Bronchioles B. Pleura C. Alveoli D. Bronchi ```

A. Bronchioles

``` __are tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. A. Bronchioles B. Pleura C. Alveoli D. Bronchi ```

C. Alveoli

``` __are the two main passageways directly attached to the lungs. They connect the trachea and bronchioles. A. Bronchioles B. Pleura C. Alveoli D. Bronchi ```

D. Bronchi

Which of the following scenarios would result in a human zygote containing 47 chromosomes instead of they typical 46 chromosomes? A. Chromosomes do not separate during mitosis B. Chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis C. Second sperm fertilizes ovum

B. Chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis

When replication occurs, the DNA of the whole __ is duplicated.

karyotype

``` Which of the following is considered the fundamental contraction unit of a striated muscle? A. Sarcomere B. Sarcolemma C. Intercalated disk D. I band ```

A. Sarcomere

``` __is a connection which joins one cardiac muscle cell to another, but it does not produce contractions. A. Sarcomere B. Sarcolemma C. Intercalated disk D. I band ```

C. Intercalated disk

``` __is an area of a sarcomere that becomes narrower during contractions but it does not produce contractions. A. Sarcomere B. Sarcolemma C. Intercalated disk D. I band ```

D. I band

``` According to the sliding filament theory, which ion binds with troponin on the actin myofilaments, causing the myosin-binding sites to be exposed? A. Sodium B. Calcium C. Potassium D. Magnesium ```

B. Calcium

``` __stimulates calcium reuptake which prevents a constant state of muscle contraction A. Sodium B. Calcium C. Potassium D. Magnesium ```

D. Magnesium

__and __change the polarity of the sarcolemma but they do not bind with troponin A. Sodium and calcium B. Calcium and magnesium C. Potassium and sodium

C. Potassium and sodium

In Mendelian inheritance, which of the following is a condition of an F1 monohybrid cross? A. All of the offspring express the dominant trait B. A cross is made between parents that are heterozygous at two specific genes C. A cross is made between parents that are heterozygous at one specific gene D. All the offspring express the recessive trait

C. A cross is made between parents that are heterozygous at one specific gene

A __trait is one that is masked if dominant alleles are also present. It also refers to the allele for that trait A. dominant B. recessive

B. recessive

The amount of movement within a molecule A. is independent of the amount of energy B. Increases as it gains heat and decreases as it loses heat. C. decreases as it gains hea, but does not increase in temperature D. is always independent of the temperature of the molecule.

B. Increases as it gains heat and decreases as it loses heat.

Which option has the state of matter correctly? A. solid: constant volume & constant shape B. Gas: Constant volume but not a constant shape C. Liquid: neither a constant volume nor a constant shape D. Liquid: constant volume and constant shape

A. solid: constant volume & constant shape

When observing a phase diagram of water, one can ascertain the A. Pressure and Temperature needed to change water from liquid to gas B. State of water when only its temperature is known. C. boiling point for carbon dioxide D. triple point of carbon dioxide.

A. Pressure and Temperature needed to change water from liquid to gas

Sublimation is A. transition of a solid to a liquid B. transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state. C. a state change that happens above the triple point. D. transition of a gas to liquid

B. transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state.