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Yr 10 Exams 1 > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number determines which element an atom is

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2
Q

Mass number

A

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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3
Q

Alkaline metals

A

Highly reactive metals in group 1

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4
Q

Alkaline earth metals

A

Reactive metals in group 2

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5
Q

Halogens

A

Non metals in group 17

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6
Q

Noble gases

A

Inert gasses (non reactive) in group 18

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7
Q

Transition metals

A

Metallic Elements group 3-12

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8
Q

Metals

A

Elements that have high shine/lustre, are good conductors of heat and electricity, are ductile and malleable, have high melting points, except mercury and are metal at room temperature except for mercury

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9
Q

Non - metals

A

elements that are dull or glassy, brittle, not malleable, poor conductors of heat and electricity and have low melting points. Most non metals are gases at room temperature

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10
Q

Metalloid

A

Elements that that have the appearance of metals but not all the other properties

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11
Q

Molecules

A

Particles with two or more atoms joined together

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12
Q

Electron shell diagram

A

Diagram showing electrons in their shells around the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

Shell

A

Energy levels around the nucleus of an atom into which electrons are arranged

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14
Q

Electron configuration

A

An ordered list of the number of electrons in each shell, from inner (low energy) to outer (higher energy) shells.
-2,8,8,2-

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15
Q

Neutral

A

Having equal amounts of negative and positive charge and therefore no overall electric charge.

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16
Q

Ions

A

Atoms or groups of atoms that have lost or gained electrons

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17
Q

Cations

A

Atoms or groups of atoms that have lost electrons and are positively charged

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18
Q

Anions

A

atoms or groups of atoms that have e gained electrons and are negatively charged

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19
Q

ionic compounds

A

Compounded containing positive and negative ions held together by the electrostatic force

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20
Q

Properties of ionic compounds

A

Made up of positive and negative ions, usually solids at room temperature, high melting points due to strong electrostatic force, dissolvable in water, aqueous solutions normally conduct electricity

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21
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attractive force/attraction between ions with opposite electrical charge

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22
Q

Molecular formula

A

Statement of the elements in a molecule showing the relative number of atoms of each kind of element

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23
Q

Valency

A

Is equal to the number of electrons that each atom needs to gain, lose, or share to feel it’s outer shell

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24
Q

Displacement reactions

A

chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from the atoms of a more reactive metal to the ions of a less reactive metal

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25
Q

Alloy

A

mixture of several metals or sometimes a metal and a non-metal, such as carbon

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26
Q

Rate

A

How fast an event occurs eg the speed of a reaction

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27
Q

What can speed up a chemical reaction?

A

Increase in temperature, surface area increase,

concentration of the reactants, exposure to light

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28
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical that speeds up the reaction but is not consumed in the reaction

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29
Q

examples of Industry catalysts

A

iron + iron oxide is used to produce ammonia gas which is used for fertiliser and explosives, vanadium oxide used to produce sulfuric acid.

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30
Q

Everyday catalysts

A

cars fitted with catalytic converters used to reduce the pollution of CO and N20, contact lenses using hydrogen peroxide

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31
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalyst, helps you digest food, break down toxic waste and other chemical processes

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32
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into sugar

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33
Q

Catalase

A

Enzyme in the liver involved in the break down of hydrogen peroxide a toxic waste product from the cells In the body

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34
Q

Three electron configuration rules

A

2n (squared) max electrons per shell, Valence shell holds had 8 electrons, all elements prefer 8 valence electrons expect shell 1 which likes 2)

35
Q

How to work out the 2n squared rule?

A

Substitute in the shell number eg. 2(3)^2 for shell three

36
Q

Period

A

Number of shells

37
Q

Groups

A

Number of electrons in valiant shell

38
Q

Neutralization

A

Reaction between an acid and a base. Salt and water are the products of this type of reaction. Eg. Antacid (base) neutralizes the hydrochloric acid (acid) in the stomach

39
Q

What are the 5 different types of reactions

A

Metal hydroxide + acids —> Salt + Water
Metal Oxide + Acids —> Salt + Water
Metal Carbonate + Acids —> Salt + Water + CO2
Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + Acids —> Salt + water + CO2
Metal + Acid —> Hydrogen Gas + Salt

40
Q

Monoatomic

A

Compounds that only have 1 of each atom (NaCl)

41
Q

Diatomic

A

Compounds that have 2 of an atom (MgCl2)

42
Q

What is the biosphere

A

The life support system of the earth

43
Q

Atmosphere

A

Layer of gasses around the earth.

44
Q

Lithosphere

A

The outermost layer of the earth. Includes the crust and the upper most part of the mantle

45
Q

Hydrosphere

A

The water on the earths surface

46
Q

Ozone layer

A

a layer in the stratosphere, about 25 km above Earth, that has high concentrations of ozone gas. The ozone layer absorbs over 90 per cent of the sun’s ultraviolet light

47
Q

Chlorofluorocarbons

A

organic compounds used as coolant agents, propellants in aerosols, and solvents. Their manufacture is being phased out as they also cause damage to the ozone layer.

48
Q

What is the carbon cycle

A

The carbon cycle models how carbon moves through the biosphere. Carbon travels from the non-living atmosphere to living things when carbon dioxide is absorbed by photosynthetic organisms (such as plants).

49
Q

What is radiant heat

A

Heat transferred by radiation, eg from the sun

50
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

a natural effect of the Earth’s atmosphere trapping heat, which keeps the Earth’s temperature stable. The sun’s energy passes through the atmosphere and warms the Earth. Heat energy radiated from the Earth cannot pass through the atmosphere and is trapped.

51
Q

What are greenhouse gasses

A

gases found in the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect, trapping the sun’s heat (for example, carbon dioxide)

52
Q

Define enhanced greenhouse effect

A

an intensification of the greenhouse effect caused by pollution adding more carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere; associated with global warming

53
Q

What is global warming

A

the observed rise in the average near-surface temperature of the Earth

54
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

55
Q

Ice cores

A

samples of ice extracted from ice sheets containing a build-up of dust, gases and other substances trapped over time

56
Q

Permafrost

A

soil on or below the surface of very high mountains in the polar regions that is permanently frozen

57
Q

Geosequestration

A

the process that involves separating carbon dioxide from other flue gases, compressing it and piping it to a suitable site

58
Q

Speed

A

Thee rate of change of distance with respect to time

59
Q

Velocity

A

Rate of change of displacement with respect to time

60
Q

Displacement

A

Distance between origin and destination

61
Q

Four main layers of the atmosphere

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere

62
Q

what are 4 characteristics of the Troposphere

A
  1. Where weather occurs (water cycle)
  2. 90% of atmospheres mass
  3. Temp decreases with altitude, 6 degrees C, averages -50 at top
  4. 16km at equator, 8km at poles
63
Q

what are 3 characteristics of the stratosphere

A
  1. extends from 10km to 50km above ground
  2. Contains high levels of ozone
  3. Less dense and temp increases with altitude
64
Q

what are 3 characteristics of the Mesosphere

A
  1. Extends 80 km high
  2. Gases absorb very little UV radiation
  3. Gases are less dense, temp decreases with altitude
65
Q

what are 3 characteristics of the Thermosphere

A
  1. Extends to almost 600km high
  2. Temp increases with altitude
  3. Reflects radio waves and temps get as hot as 1,500 degrees
66
Q

what are all the layers of the atmosphere

A

Troposphere > Tropopause > Stratosphere > Stratopause > Mesosphere > Mesopause > Thermosphere > Exosphere

67
Q

what does the pause mean in tropopause, stratopause etc

A

A pause in temperature change

68
Q

What is the atmosphere made up of?

A
  1. 1% nitrogen
  2. 9% Oxygen
  3. 9% Argon
  4. 035% CO2 and rising
69
Q

why is there so much nitrogen in the atmosphere

A

Most stable gas, reacts with nothing and stays in the atmosphere forever

70
Q

Study carbon cycle

A

—
Would ad pic but idk how
Ur bad whoever wrote this you have to use the website -_-
You need the pro version lmao

71
Q

What gasses are involved in global warming

A

Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Methane, CFCs, HFCs and ozone(O3)

72
Q

what is the major cause of global warming

A

The burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil has resulted in increased levels of greenhouse gasses (such as nitrous oxide and co2) in our atmosphere that are trapping heat, causing the atmosphere to heat

73
Q

what are two other causes of global warming

A

Grazing animals like cattle and sheep produce large amounts of methane as a waste product. most of the nitrous oxide is produced by the action of bacteria on fertilized soil and urine of grazing animals

74
Q

What are the 5 effects of global warming

A

Melting ice caps, rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, ocean acidification and increased coastal flooding

75
Q

what are 3 solutions to global warming

A

Use renewable energy (wind or solar), stop using fossil fuels and invest in energy efficient appliances

76
Q

How do you calculate average speed

A

Distance over time (d/t)

77
Q

How to you calculate average Velocity

A

displacement over time (s/t)

78
Q

what does V and U stand for when calculating acceleration

A

V - Final Velocity

U - initial velocity

79
Q

How do you convert hours to seconds, seconds to hours

A

hours to minutes (x60) minutes to seconds (x60)

seconds to minutes (÷60) minutes to hours (÷60))

80
Q

how to you convert cm to km, km to cm

A

cm to m (÷100) m to km (÷1000)

km to m (x1000) m to cm (x100)

81
Q

how do you convert ms-1 to kmh -1 (per second)

A

ms-1 to kmh-1 (x3.6)

kmh-1 to ms-1 (÷3.6)

82
Q

how do you calculate average acceleration

A

acceleration = V - U over T

83
Q

Define acceleration

A

The change in speed in metres per second per second

84
Q

?What does the biosphere contain?

A

Consists of he atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biota (Living things)

Yr 10 Exams 1 (7 decks)

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