Science

Question 1

what branches off the abdominal aorta at T12

Answer 1

celiac trunk

Question 2

what are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk

Answer 2

left gastric
splenic
common hepatic

Question 3

which artery comes off the common hepatic and joins the left gastric (celiac trunk)

Answer 3

right gastric

Question 4

what is the first branch of the common hepatic

Answer 4

gastroduodenal

Question 5

when the common hepatic gives off the gastroduodenal what does it become (celiac trunk)

Answer 5

hepatic proper

Question 6

at what level of the abdo aorta do the renal arteries branch off

Answer 6

L1

Question 7

apart form the renal arteries, what else branches off the abdo aorta at L1

Answer 7

superior mesenteric artery

Question 8

what branches off the abdo aorta at L2

Answer 8

gonadal arteries

Question 9

what branches off the abdo aorta at L3

Answer 9

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 10

at what vertebral level does the abdo aorta bifurcate into the left and right common iliacs

Answer 10

L4

Question 11

where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain

Answer 11

splenic vein

Question 12

when the splenic vein and superior mesenteric veins join, what do they become

Answer 12

hepatic portal vein

Question 13

which enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the glycogenesis pathway

Answer 13

hexokinase

Question 14

where does gluconeogenesis occur (breakdown of glucose)

Answer 14

liver

Question 15

in beta oxidation (fatty acyl coA to acetyl coA) how many ATP are produced for a fatty acid with ‘n’ carbons

Answer 15

ATP = 7n-6 where n=number of carbons in fatty acid

Question 16

in the catabolism of which substance is urea made (from ammonium ions)

Answer 16

amino acid catabolism

Question 17

where are peyers patches

Answer 17

epithelium of GI tract

Question 18

main antibody in the gut

what does a deficiency in this present as

Answer 18

IgA

coeliac disease

Question 19

in the salivary glands;

where does secretion of saliva happen

where does secondary modification of saliva happen

Answer 19

acinar cells

duct cells

Question 20

which cell do parasympathetics work on to increase salivary secretion

Answer 20

M3 (Gq)

Question 21

in the stomach, what do G cells secrete

what to D cells secrete

Answer 21

G cells = gastrin

D cells = somatostatin

Question 22

what do PPIs eg omeprazole do

what are they used for (2)

Answer 22

inhibit gastric acid secretion

gastric ulcers, GORD

Question 23

how do you treat dyspepsia

why dont you use a PPI

Answer 23

H2 receptor antagonist (eg ranitidine)

bc they do the same job, just work faster

Question 24

what is ALT specific to

when is it high in the blood

Answer 24

liver (aLt = Liver)

hepatocyte damage

Question 25

what is AST comparable to

when is it high in the blood

Answer 25

ALT

hepatocyte (and heart and kidney) damage = non specific

Question 26

what does AST>ALT imply

Answer 26

alcoholic fatty liver disease

wASTed

Question 27

what is ALP specific to

when is it high

Answer 27

biliary ducts

gallstones, PBC, PSC, pancreatic cancer

Question 28

when is GGT raised

Answer 28

alcoholic liver disease

GGT = Good Gin and Tonic

Question 29

where is the problem if there is unconjugated bilirubin

Answer 29

pre hepatic (haemolytic anaemia)

Question 30

where is the problem if there i conjugated bilirubin

Answer 30

hepatic or post hepatic (bile duct obstruction) jaundice

Question 31

high amylase

Answer 31

pancreatitis

Question 32

where is albumin made

low albumin

Answer 32

liver

advanced cirrhosis

Question 33

increased prothrombin time (INR) can be caused by liver disease

what other 2 things can increase INR

Answer 33

over coagulation

vit K deficiency

Question 34

alcohol consumption guidelines

Answer 34

14 units max per week over at least 3 days (with several alcohol free days)

Question 35

how much is 1 unit of alcohol in terms of pure alcohol

Answer 35

1 unit = 10ml of pure booze