Science Flashcards
what branches off the abdominal aorta at T12
celiac trunk
what are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk
left gastric
splenic
common hepatic
which artery comes off the common hepatic and joins the left gastric (celiac trunk)
right gastric
what is the first branch of the common hepatic
gastroduodenal
when the common hepatic gives off the gastroduodenal what does it become (celiac trunk)
hepatic proper
at what level of the abdo aorta do the renal arteries branch off
L1
apart form the renal arteries, what else branches off the abdo aorta at L1
superior mesenteric artery
what branches off the abdo aorta at L2
gonadal arteries
what branches off the abdo aorta at L3
inferior mesenteric artery
at what vertebral level does the abdo aorta bifurcate into the left and right common iliacs
L4
where does the inferior mesenteric vein drain
splenic vein
when the splenic vein and superior mesenteric veins join, what do they become
hepatic portal vein
which enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the glycogenesis pathway
hexokinase
where does gluconeogenesis occur (breakdown of glucose)
liver
in beta oxidation (fatty acyl coA to acetyl coA) how many ATP are produced for a fatty acid with ānā carbons
ATP = 7n-6 where n=number of carbons in fatty acid
in the catabolism of which substance is urea made (from ammonium ions)
amino acid catabolism
where are peyers patches
epithelium of GI tract
main antibody in the gut
what does a deficiency in this present as
IgA
coeliac disease
in the salivary glands;
where does secretion of saliva happen
where does secondary modification of saliva happen
acinar cells
duct cells
which cell do parasympathetics work on to increase salivary secretion
M3 (Gq)
in the stomach, what do G cells secrete
what to D cells secrete
G cells = gastrin
D cells = somatostatin
what do PPIs eg omeprazole do
what are they used for (2)
inhibit gastric acid secretion
gastric ulcers, GORD
how do you treat dyspepsia
why dont you use a PPI
H2 receptor antagonist (eg ranitidine)
bc they do the same job, just work faster
what is ALT specific to
when is it high in the blood
liver (aLt = Liver)
hepatocyte damage
what is AST comparable to
when is it high in the blood
ALT
hepatocyte (and heart and kidney) damage = non specific
what does AST>ALT imply
alcoholic fatty liver disease
wASTed
what is ALP specific to
when is it high
biliary ducts
gallstones, PBC, PSC, pancreatic cancer
when is GGT raised
alcoholic liver disease
GGT = Good Gin and Tonic
where is the problem if there is unconjugated bilirubin
pre hepatic (haemolytic anaemia)
where is the problem if there i conjugated bilirubin
hepatic or post hepatic (bile duct obstruction) jaundice
high amylase
pancreatitis
where is albumin made
low albumin
liver
advanced cirrhosis
increased prothrombin time (INR) can be caused by liver disease
what other 2 things can increase INR
over coagulation
vit K deficiency
alcohol consumption guidelines
14 units max per week over at least 3 days (with several alcohol free days)
how much is 1 unit of alcohol in terms of pure alcohol
1 unit = 10ml of pure booze
