Science

Question 1

order of neurovascular bundle in ribs (from top to bottom)

Answer 1

vein
artery
nerve

(VAN)

Question 2

where are the neurovascular bundles in the ribs

Answer 2

costal groove (underneath rib)

Question 3

what is the bundle of fibres above each rib called

what is the order of the fibres (from top to bottom)

Answer 3

collateral bundle

nerve
artery
vein

(NAV)

Question 4

how many holes does the right hilum have

what are they for

Answer 4

5 (bc RIGHT has 5 letters)

2 veins
2 arteries
1 lymphatic vessel

Question 5

how many holes does the left hilum have

what are they for

Answer 5

4 (bc LEFT has 4 letters)

2 veins
1 artery
1 lymphatic vessel

Question 6

what does failure of phagocytosis cause

Answer 6

granulomatous disease

Question 7

type I hypersensitivity definition example

Answer 7

allergy (type I = A = Allergy)

eg food allergy, atopy, eczema

Question 8

type II hypersensitivity definition and examples (4)

Answer 8

direct cell killing via antibodies (type II = B = via antiBodies)

eg graves, myasthenia graves, gullian barr, good pastures

Question 9

type III hypersensitivity definition and example (1)

Answer 9

immune complement activation (type III = C = Complement)

eg lupus

Question 10

type IV hypersensitivity definition and example (4)

Answer 10

delayed type hypersensitivity (type IV = D = Delayed)

eg poison ivy, sarcoidosis, coeliac, TB, T1DM

Question 11

what is V/Q ratio

Answer 11

ventilation/perfusion ratio

Question 12

what is V/Q at the top of the lungs

which is better

Answer 12

high

ventilation is better

Question 13

what is V/Q at the bottom of the lungs

which is better

Answer 13

low

perfusion is better

Question 14

what shape is a haemoglobin oxygen curve

Answer 14

sigmoidal

Question 15

what shape is a myoglobin oxygen curve

Answer 15

logarithmic

Question 16

how is CO2 mainly transported in the blood

Answer 16

bicarbonate

Question 17

what do parasympathetics do to bronchi

Answer 17

contract them = bronchoconstriction

Question 18

which receptor and G protein are responsible for bronchoconstriction

Answer 18

M3

Gq

Question 19

which receptor and G protein are responsible for bronchodilation

Answer 19

B2

Gs

Question 20

what do sympathetics do to bronchi

Answer 20

relax them = bronchodilation

Question 21

resp side effect of steroids

Answer 21

hoarse voice

Question 22

if FEV1/FVC is normal but FEV1 and FVC are both reduced, what kind of resp problem does the patient have

example

Answer 22

restrictive (both lungs and airways are fuckoed)

pneumonia

Question 23

if FEV1/FVC is reduced bc FEV1 is reduced but FVC is normal, what kind of resp problem does the patient have

example

Answer 23

obstructive (FVC is normal = lungs are fine, problem is getting to the lungs)

asthma

Question 24

what type of spirometry result does COPD present with

Answer 24

restrictive AND obstructive

FEV1 reduced
FVC reduced
FEV1/FVC reduced

Question 25

what type of resp failure has decreased O2 but normal CO2

examples

Answer 25

type 1

pneumonia, ARDS

Question 26

what type of resp failure has decreased O2 and high CO2

example

Answer 26

type 2

COPD

DONT GIVE O2!

Question 27

ABGs

pH slightly high (low H+)
CO2 low
HCO3 low

what is the problem

example

Answer 27

partially compensated respiratory alkalosis

hyperventilation, pregnancy, PE

Question 28

ABGs

pH low (high H+)
CO2 high
HCO3 normal

what is the problem

example

Answer 28

uncompensated respiratory acidosis

COPD, asthma, opiate overuse

Question 29

ABGs

pH normal (was previously low, high H+)
CO2 low
HCO3 low

what is the problem

example

Answer 29

fully compensated metabolic acidosis

DKA, acid ingestion, renal failure, peptic ulcer

Question 30

ABGs

pH high (H+ low)
HCO3 high
CO2 normal

what is the problem

example

Answer 30

uncompensated metabolic alkalosis

vomiting, alkali ingestion, vit K deficiency

Question 31

which lung hilum sites higher than the other

Answer 31

left bc of heart