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Science : GR.8 > SCIENCE - 4TH Q > Flashcards

SCIENCE - 4TH Q Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Matter?

A

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

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2
Q

What is Matter made up of?

A

Elements and Atoms

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3
Q

Where can you find Protons?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Where can you find Electrons?

A

In the electron cloud or outside and orbiting the nucleus.

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5
Q

What are Elements made of?

A

Atoms

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6
Q

What are Molecules made of?

A

Elements

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7
Q

What is the Periodic Table?

A

A chart of the elements arranged into rows and columns according to their physical and chemical properties.

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8
Q

What is the Periodic Table used for?

A

To determine the relationships among the elements; to understand and predict elements’ properties.

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9
Q

Where can you find Neutrons?

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

The Periodic Table is like …

A

… the Alphabet of Chemistry

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11
Q

What does the term ‘Periodic’ mean?

A

“Repeating Pattern”

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12
Q

How is the Periodic Table arranged?

A

In rows of increasing atomic masses, and in columns of elements with similar properties.

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13
Q

What is an Atom?

A

The smallest piece of an element that still represents that element.

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14
Q

What was Democritus’ unpopular idea of matter?

A

Matter is made of small, solid objects that cannot be divided, created or destroyed.

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15
Q

What was Aristotle’s more accepted idea of matter?

A

Empty space does not exist, and that all matter is made of fire, water, air, and earth.

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16
Q

Which scientist conducted experiments that concluded support Democritus’ idea?

A

John Dalton

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17
Q

What was the high-powered microscope invented in 1981 that enabled scientists to see individual atoms for the first time?

A

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

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18
Q

Who discovered Electrons?

A

J.J. Thomson : English Scientist

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19
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charged particles. (1-)

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20
Q

What was Thomson’s conclusion?

A

Cathode Rays consist of negatively charged particles called Electrons, and since Atoms are neutral or not electrically charged; Atoms also must contain a positive charge that balances it out.

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21
Q

Who discovered the Nucleus?

A

Ernest Rutherford : Thomson’s student

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22
Q

Who discovered Protons?

A

Ernest Rutherford ; Thomson’s student

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23
Q

What was Rutherford’s conclusion?

A

That atoms are made mostly of empty space, discovery of the nucleus and protons, and that electrons move in the empty space surrounding the nucleus.

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24
Q

What are Protons?

A

Positively charged particles. (1+)

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25
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

The center of an atom where most of an atom’s mass and positive charge is concentrated in.

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26
Q

Who discovered Neutrons?

A

James Chadwick ; Rutherford’s colleague

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27
Q

What is a Neutron?

A

A particle with neither positive nor negative charge, hence neutral.

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28
Q

Where do Electrons live?

A

Shells or energy levels.

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29
Q

What are the Electrons in the Outermost Shell called?

A

Valance Electrons

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30
Q

How many electrons can the 1st shell hold?

A

2

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31
Q

How many electrons can the 2nd shell hold?

A

8

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32
Q

How many electrons can the 3rd shell hold?

A

18

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33
Q

Describe Bohr’s model.

A

Shows all particles of an Atom; Protons represented by P or +, Electrons by E or -, Neutrons by N or blank; Electrons in the circle around the Nucleus.

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34
Q

Protons and Neutrons are composed of smaller parts called?

A

Quarks

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35
Q

What are Quarks?

A

The smaller parts that make up Protons and Neutrons.

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36
Q

What are the six types of Quarks?

A

up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom

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37
Q

What Quarks are Protons made of?

A

Two up Quarks and one down.

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38
Q

What Quarks are Neutrons made of?

A

Two down Quarks and one up.

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39
Q

Describe the Lewis Dot Structure.

A

Only shows the Element Symbol and the Valance Electrons in a counterclockwise system.

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40
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made from atoms that all have the same number of Protons.

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41
Q

What is an Atomic Number?

A

The number of Protons in an atom of an element; the whole number listed with each element on the Periodic Table.

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42
Q

In a neutral atom, if the number Protons are 9, what will be the number of Electrons?

A

Equal to the number of Protons, 9.

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43
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of Neutrons.

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44
Q

What is a Mass Number?

A

The sum of the number of Protons and Neutrons in an atom.

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45
Q

What is the equation of an element’s Mass Number?

A

Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

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46
Q

What is the equation to find the amount of Neutrons in an element?

A

Mass Number - Atomic Number = Amount of Neutrons

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47
Q

How are Isotopes written?

A

With the Element Name followed by the Mass Number. (E.g. Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14)

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48
Q

What is an Average Atomic Mass?

A

The average mass of the element’s isotopes, weighted according to the abundance–how much each Isotope is present on Earth–of each Isotope.

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49
Q

What information is given on each element’s key on the Periodic Table?

A

Atomic Number, Element’s Symbol, Element’s Name, Atomic Mass/Weight. Sometimes will include a symbol that shows the state of matter at room temp.

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50
Q

Which element has the fewest Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons?

A

Hydrogen : 1, 1, 0

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51
Q

Who established the term ‘Radioactive’ for elements that spontaneously emit radiation?

A

Marie Curie

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52
Q

Which scientists, arguably, discovered radioactivity?

A

Henri Becquerel and the Curies. (Pierre and Marie Curie)

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53
Q

What is Nuclear Decay?

A

A process that occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus changes into another more stable nucleus by emitting radiation.

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54
Q

What is an Ion?

A

An Atom that is no longer neutral because it has gained or lost Electrons.

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55
Q

Describe Positive Ions.

A

Occurs when a Neutral Atom LOSES one or more Electrons, resulting in more Protons than Electrons; Positively charged, represented by the element’s symbol followed by a superscript plus sign; AKA cations.

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56
Q

Describe Negative Ions.

A

Occurs when a Neutral Atom GAINS one or more Electrons than Protons; Negatively charged, represented by the element’s symbol followed by a superscript negative sign; AKA anion.

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57
Q

Who created the Periodic Table?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev ; Russian Chemist and Teacher

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58
Q

What is a group?

A

Elements’ VERTICAL arrangement in the Periodic Table; a Column; numbered 1-18.

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59
Q

What is a period?

A

Elements’ HORIZONTAL arrangement in the Periodic Table; a Row; numbered 1-7.

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60
Q

What are the properties of Metal?

A

All metals are shiny, conduct thermal energy and electricity.

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61
Q

What are the properties of Nonmetals?

A

Many are gases, do not conduct thermal energy or electricity.

62
Q

What are the properties of Metalloids?

A

A combination of Metals’ and Nonmetals’ properties.

63
Q

What category of elements take up three-fourths of the Periodic Table and are located on the left and middle side?

A

Metals

64
Q

Excluding Hydrogen, where are Nonmetals located in the Periodic Table?

A

On the Right Side.

65
Q

Where are Metalloids located on the Periodic Table?

A

Between the Metals and Nonmetals.

66
Q

What is Ionization Energy?

A

The minimum energy required to remove an Electron in its ground state.

67
Q

Describe Electronegativity.

A

It is the ability of an atom to attract Electrons in chemical bonding.

68
Q

Why is Mendeleev’s Periodic Table so important?

A

Because it organizes all known elements into an easily understandable chart based on each elements’ properties and relatability.

69
Q

What is eka-aluminum?

A

Eka-aluminum was the former name of previously undiscovered element, Gallium, that Mendeleev presumed to be similar to aluminum.

70
Q

What does the prefix ‘Eka’ mean?

A

“One” or rather, “The Number One”

71
Q

Describe the Periodic Trends.

A
  • Electronegativity, Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity increases from bottom to top and left to right.
  • Atomic Radius, Ionic Radius and increases right to left and top to bottom.
  • Melting Point increases sides to center and top to bottom.
  • Reactivity increases left top to bottom, bottom center to sides, and right bottom to top.
  • Metallic Character increases right to left; Non-Metallic Character increases left to right.
72
Q

What is a Calorie (CAL)?

A

The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degrees Celsius.

73
Q

Where does your body’s energy come from?

A

The nutrients that come from the food you eat.

74
Q

Why do you eat?

A
  • To maintain a healthy lifestyle and balanced diet.
  • To provide energy for daily activities.
  • Because you are hungry.
  • Because your body needs food and water to function.
75
Q

What are Nutrients?

A

Substances that provide energy and materials for cell developments, growth, and repair.

76
Q

How many weeks can a human survive without food, water, or both?

A
  • 3 weeks without food.
  • 3-5 days without water.
  • 3-4 days without both.
    Depending on age, weight, etc.
77
Q

Why do toddlers need more Fats than older kids or adults?

A

Because of their extraordinary energy needs and Limited dietary capacity.

78
Q

Why do women need more Iron and Calcium than men do?

A

Due to the loss of iron during menses; due to thinner and smaller bones, thus to maintain bone density.

79
Q

Why do athletes or active people consume more Protein?

A

To gain muscle mass and strength.

80
Q

What are the six groups of nutrients?

A

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, and Water.

81
Q

What is a Protein?

A

A large molecule that is made of amino acids and contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

82
Q

What do Proteins do?

A
  • Relay signals between the cells.
  • Protecting against disease.
  • Provide support to cells.
  • Speed up chemical reactions.
  • Helps in building and repair of the body.
83
Q

How many amino acids make up the proteins in your body? Where do they come from?

A

Up to 20 different amino acids; half made by your body, the other half from the foods you eat.

84
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are usually the body’s major source of energy.

85
Q

What are the three forms of Carbohydrates?

A

Starches, sugars, or fibers.

86
Q

What are the three forms of Carbohydrates made of?

A

Sugar molecules that are linked together like a chain.

87
Q

Why is it best to eat foods that contain carbohydrates from Whole Grains?

A

Because they are easier to digest.

88
Q

What do Carbohydrates do?

A
  • Provides the body’s main source of energy.
89
Q

What are Fats or Lipids? What do they do?

A
  • Provides (more) energy (compared to Carbohydrates).
  • (Body fat) Helps to insulate against cold temperatures.
  • Helps your body absorb vitamins.
90
Q

What are the two classifications of Fat?

A

Unsaturated Fat & Saturated Fat.

91
Q

Why is it better to adapt a diet (only) rich in unsaturated fats?

A

Because Saturated Fats can increase Cholesterol levels, which can increase the risk of heart disease.

92
Q

What are Vitamins?

A

Nutrients that are needed in small amounts for growth, regulation of body functions, and prevention of some diseases.

93
Q

What happens if you do not consume enough of one or more vitamins or minerals?

A

You may develop symptoms of Vitamin Deficiency or Mineral Deficiency.

94
Q

Why is it important to eat a diet rich in vitamins and minerals?

A
  • To maintain a well-balanced diet.
  • To avoid Vitamin/Mineral Deficiency.
  • In order to stay healthy and active.
95
Q

What are Minerals?

A

Inorganic nutrients—nutrients that do not contain carbon—that help the body regulate many chemical reactions.

96
Q

What do Minerals and Vitamins do?

A
  • Aids and is required for normal growth and development.
  • Regulates body functions.
  • Prevents some diseases.
97
Q

How does your body gain water?

A

By eating or drinking.

98
Q

How does your body lose water?

A

Sweating, urinating, or breathing. Which is why you lose more water when you exercise, if you live in a warm area, or become sick.

99
Q

What happens when lost water is not replaced?

A

Dehydration

100
Q

How do you know if you are dehydrated?

A

(Extreme) Thirst, headache, weakness, dizziness, and little to no urination.

101
Q

Why do you need water? What does water do?

A
  • Maintains body temperature.
  • Brings nutrients to cells.
  • Gets rid of wastes.
  • Protects joints and organs.
  • Required for chemical reactions to occur in the body.
102
Q

Why are Food Labels important?

A

They help you determine what and how much nutrients and other substances are in a product. (Note that food labels list a food’s nutrients per serving, not container.)

103
Q

Why is eating a Balanced Diet important?

A
  • To maintain healthy lifestyle.
  • Lessen the risks of diseases.
  • Provides energy to properly function while doing day-to-day activities.
  • Etc.
104
Q

What are the four steps food goes through in your body?

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination (IDAE).

105
Q

What is Ingestion?

A

Taking food into the body; the act of eating, or putting food into your mouth.

106
Q

What is Digestion?

A

Breaking down food; the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small particles and molecules that your body can absorb and use.

107
Q

What is Absorption?

A

Moving food into cells; nutrients and water are absorbed, occurs when the cells of the digestive system take in small molecules of digested food.

108
Q

What is Elimination or Excretion?

A

Removing unused food; undigested food is eliminated, the removal of undigested food and other wastes from your body.

109
Q

What is Mechanical Digestion?

A

Wherein food is physically broken into smaller pieces.

110
Q

Where does Mechanical Digestion occur?

A

In the mouth when you chew, mash, and grind food with your teeth and tongue.

111
Q

What is Chemical Digestion?

A

When chemical reactions break down pieces of food into small molecules.

112
Q

Where does Chemical Digestion occur?

A

Starts in your mouth, to stomach and intestine, using hydrolysis by enzymes, acid, bile, etc.

113
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Proteins that help break down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

114
Q

What do Enzymes do?

A
  • Speed up or catalyze the rate of chemical reactions that prevent them from being too slow or not occurring at all.
115
Q

What does the Enzyme Amylase do?

A

Helps break down Carbohydrates into Glucose or smaller sugars.

116
Q

What does the Enzyme Pepsin and Papain do?

A

Helps break down Proteins (into amino acids).

117
Q

What does the Enzyme Lipase do?

A

Helps break down Fats (into fatty acids).

118
Q

How does an Enzyme break down food molecules?

A

It attaches to a food molecule, speeds up a chemical reaction that breaks down the molecule, and releases the broken down food molecule. The Enzyme does not change at all thus immediately attaches itself to another food molecule.

119
Q

What are the two parts of the Digestive System?

A

The Digestive Tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

120
Q

What is the Digestive Tract?

A

Extends from the mouth to the anus composed of different organs connected by tubelike structure.

121
Q

What is the function of the Salivary Glands?

A

Produces more than 1L of Saliva everyday (at the very thought of food).

122
Q

What is the use of Saliva?

A

-Contains an Enzyme (Amylase) that helps break down Carbs.
- Contains substances that neutralize acidic foods.
- Contains a slippery substance that makes food easier to swallow.

123
Q

What does the Mouth do?

A

Begins Digestion.

124
Q

What is the Esophagus?

A

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

125
Q

What is Pertalsis?

A

Where food moves through the Esophagus and the rest of the digestive tract by waves of muscle contraction. Akin to squeezing a tube of toothpaste.

126
Q

What does the Esophagus do?

A

Conducts food to the Stomach.

127
Q

What is the Stomach?

A

A large, hollow organ akin to a balloon with folded walls.

128
Q

What does the Stomach do?

A
  • Temporarily store food to prevent hunger in between meals through the folds on its walls that produce chemicals that help break down proteins.
  • Aid in chemical digestion.
  • Stores and breaks down food with Enzymes.
129
Q

What does Gastric Juice or Stomach Juice do?

A

Makes the stomach acidic and contains Pepsin that helps break down the structures that hold plant and animal cells together.

130
Q

What is Chyme?

A

A thin, watery liquid made by food mixing with Gastric Juice in the stomach.

131
Q

What is the Small Intestine?

A

A long tube connected to the stomach where chemical digestion and absorption occur. It is named for its small diameter 2.5cm, and 6-7 long with folded walls like the stomach.

132
Q

What is the Duodenum?

A

The first part of the Small Intestine where nutrients undergo chemical digestion.

133
Q

What are Villi?

A

(Singular, Villus) The fingerlike projections on the walls of the Small Intestine. Contains small blood vessels that diffuse nutrients into blood.

134
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

135
Q

What does the Small Intestine do?

A
  • Chemically digests food in the first part, and absorbs nutrients in the rest.
  • Absorbs nutrients from partially digested food.
136
Q

What is the Large Intestine or the Colon?

A

Similar to the Small Intestine, except with a diameter of 5cm and 1.5 long. Is where waste products of digestion pass through.

137
Q

What does the Large Intestine do?

A
  • Absorbs the remaining water of the waste previously in the Small Intestine.
  • Said waste harden as excess water is absorbed.
  • Absorbs water and forms waste into feces (semisolid waste)
138
Q

What kind of bacteria live in the Large Intestine?

A

Bacilli Bacteria

139
Q

What are the shapes of Cocci, Bacilli, and Spirilla Bacteria?

A

Spherical, Rod-Shaped, and Spiral.

140
Q

What do Bacteria do?

A

Digest food and produce important vitamins and amino acids and are essential for proper digestion.

141
Q

What does the Liver do?

A
  • Produces Bile that makes it easier to digest Fats.
142
Q

What does the Gallbladder do?

A
  • Stores Bile until it is needed in the Small Intestine.
143
Q

What does the Pancreas do?

A
  • Produces Amylase that helps break down Carbohydrates and a substance that neutralizes stomach acid.
  • Secretes enzymes to digest nutrients.
144
Q

What does the Rectum do?

A
  • Stores feces before elimination.
145
Q

What does the Anus do?

A

Final opening of the digestive system before waste removal.

146
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

A self-regulating process where a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.

147
Q

How does the Digestive System contribute to Homeostasis?

A

By breaking down food that can be absorbed and used by the body cells. Absorbs (water, vitamins, minerals) and Eliminates (waste).

148
Q

How does the Digestive System work with the rest of the body?

A
  • Works with the Muscular System to move food through the body.
  • Works with the Execratory System to eliminate waste.
  • Provides nutrients that are carried by the Circulatory System throughout the body, which provides energy.
149
Q

What does the term ‘Protein’ originate from?

A

From Greek: Proteios, means “the first quality”

150
Q

What does the term ‘Digestion’ originate from?

A

From Latin: Digestus, means “to separate, divide”

151
Q

bro future me plz just check the answer cuz i do NOT know how to word this bro….

A

Divide the ratio, multiply by 100. you have percent
so u gotta like. wtv ure finding just the one w the total is gonna be the 100 percent
so u gotta divide that number by hte other given
n dmultiply by 100
YAY

152
Q

stream too sweet by hozier on spotify !!!!!!!

A

i dont even have spotify but yea

Science : GR.8 (2 decks)

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