Science Flashcards
1
Q
The mass of objects is always the same and is independent of __________.
A
Gravity
2
Q
The measure of Earth’s pull of gravity on an object
A
Weight
3
Q
Mass per unit of volume, or the ratio of total mass to total volume. Defines how closely the molecules are packed together.
A
Density
4
Q
The amount of cubic space that an object occupies
A
Volume
5
Q
Does not produce a new substance
A
Physical change
6
Q
Produces one or more substances
A
Chemical change or reaction
7
Q
If an object is denser than the liquid that surrounds it will it sink or float in the liquid?
A
It will sink
8
Q
True or false: A physical change reaction produces one or more substances
A
False
9
Q
True or false: A glass broken into pieces is an example of a physical change
A
True
10
Q
This is a substance that consists of only one type of atom and is represented by a symbol consisting of one or two letters
A
Element
11
Q
The basic building blocks of matter
A
Atoms
12
Q
Adams are made of three components of subatomic particles :
A
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
13
Q
In the nucleus of the atom
A
Protons and neutrons
14
Q
In the outer part of the atom
A
Electrons
15
Q
The smallest particle of substance that may exist independently and maintains all the properties of the substance
A
Molecule
16
Q
Matter that combines atoms chemically in definite weight proportions
A
Compound
17
Q
Any combination of two or more substances not chemically combined and without any definite weight proportions
A
Mixture
18
Q
Homogenous mixtures are called:
A
Solutions
19
Q
Uniform and consistent throughout
A
Solutions
20
Q
Contain dissimilar elements or parts
A
Heterogenous mixtures
21
Q
Matter can undergo a ____________ through heating and cooling, shifting from one form to another
A
Phase change
22
Q
Phase change that involves changing solid to gas
A
Sublimation
23
Q
__________ is a phase change that involves changing from a liquid to a solid
A
Freezing
24
Q
Happens when the temperature of a solid is raised enough in the result is a liquid
A
Melting
25
The transition between water and steam of phase change due to the effect of temperature is:
Boiling
26
A number that relates to the kinetic energy possessed by the molecules of a substance
Temperature
27
A measurement of the total energy in a substance
Heat
28
Total energy is made up of:
The kinetic and potential energies of the molecules of a substance
29
The __________ The molecules of the substance are moving, the hotter the temperature becomes.
Faster
30
__________ is a measurement of the total energy in a substance.
Heat
31
__________ is a measure related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance
Temperature
32
True or false. The concepts of heat and temperature defined the same thing.
False
33
The branch of mechanics that studies the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion of bodies
Dynamics
34
A pull or push upon an object that results from the objects interaction with another object
Force
35
What are the two main types of forces?
Contact forces and at – a – distance forces
36
Require physical contact and interaction between objects
Contact forces
37
The application of force to bend, dent, scratch, compress, or break something
Mechanical force
38
A force that is applied to an object by a person or another object
Applied force
39
These result even when the interacting objects are not in physical contact, but they exert a push or pull despite their physical separation
At – a – distance forces
40
These are involved when the sun and planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation
Gravitational forces
41
This is involved when an object moves in a circular path, and a force is directed toward the center of the circle in order to keep the motion going
Centripetal force
42
These are involved when the protons in the nucleus of an atom and the electrons outside the nucleus exert an electrical pull towards each other despite the spatial separation
Electrical forces
43
These are involved went to magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other even when a short distance separates them
Magnetic forces
44
This is present in the nucleus of atoms. It is released by fission, fusion, or radioactive decay
Nuclear force
45
The breaking of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei
Fission
46
Two atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier
Fusion
47
A type of energy that has a comparatively low level of physical weight or density
Light
48
What type of energy does the sun provide?
Radiant energy
49
Considered an electromagnetic radiation but has a wavelength
Light
50
Which is faster? The speed of light or the speed of sound?
The speed of light
51
Does light travel in a straight or curved line?
Straight
52
__________ surfaces tend to scatter light in many directions
Rough
53
__________ surfaces tend to reflect light in one direction
Smooth
54
Occurs when light passes through a transparent material
Refraction
55
Occurs when a ray of light bends around the edges of an object
Diffraction
56
A branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light
Optics
57
Optics provides information about the behavior and properties of light and it's interaction with __________
Matter
58
A piece of transparent and curved material
Lens
59
What happens to light when it passes through glass?
It bends
60
Thicker in the middle and are used as magnifying glasses to help correct the vision of near sighted people
Convex lenses
61
Transparent object with flat polished surfaces that refracts or diffuses light
Prism
62
A physical occurrence related to stationary and moving electrons and protons
Electricity
63
Electric energy is made available by the flow of electric charge through a
Conductor
64
Allows electricity to flow freely through it
Conductor
65
Does not allow the electrons to flow freely
Insulator
66
Contain an equal number of protons and electrons because they cancel each other out and provide no net charge
Neutral atoms
67
Atoms with __________ charge contain more electrons than protons
Negative
68
Atoms with __________ charge contain fewer electrons than protons
Positive
69
These use only one electrical path
Series circuits
70
These used several electrical paths
Parallel circuits
71
These could be used in a house to monitor its electric flow, and if there is an overload of electricity the flow of electricity will stop
Circuit breakers
72
Must have a continuous flow of electricity going through a complete loop, returning to their original position and cycling through again
Electrical circuit
73
A closed loop through which electrical charges can continuously move
Circuit
74
Friction can produce what kind of electricity?
Static electricity
75
Refers to the accumulation of excess electric charge in a region that has poor electrical conductivity
Static electricity
76
Refers to the buildup of electric charge on the surface of objects
Static electricity
77
What do like charges do?
Repel one another
78
What do opposite charges do?
Attract each other
79
Cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another
Energy
80
Energy from the sun that may be converted into thermal or electrical energy. They can have the form of electromagnetic waves.
Solar energy
81
The combustion of gasoline provokes a reaction that releases what kind of energy?
Chemical energy
82
__________ energy is considered the most internal energy of objects, which is created by vibration and movement
Thermal energy
83
Daylight is a result of what kind of energy?
Solar energy
84
True or false: the motion of all bodies is governed by the same basic rules
True
85
Forces occur in __________
Pairs
86
These types of forces do not cause a change in motion
Balanced forces
87
Balanced forces are __________ in direction and __________ in size
Opposite, equal
88
Always cause a change in motion
Unbalanced forces
89
Unbalanced forces are often in __________ directions and __________ in size
Opposite, not equal
90
These forces can also happen with forces in the same direction and still cause movement
Unbalanced forces
91
The earth is divided into what three main layers?
The core, the mantle, and the crust
92
The innermost part of the Earth
Core
93
What two substances is the earth's core made up of?
Iron and nickel
94
The Core is divided into which two sections?
The inner core and the outer core
95
Solid and approximately 780 miles thick
Inner core
96
Always molten, or melted
Outer core
97
Which of the cores rotates?
The outer core
98
What does the outer core create when it rotates?
Earth's magnetism
99
This layer makes up the majority of the earths volume
The mantle
100
The top layer of the earth is called
The crust
101
Which is the thinnest layer of earth?
The crust
102
What are the two types of crust?
Oceanic crust and continental crust
103
Which type of crust is generally younger and consists mainly of basalt?
Oceanic crust
104
Because the core is so hot, heat develops a current which radiates to the earths crust through:
Convection currents
105
What causes the plates of the earth's crust to move?
Convection currents
106
What moves the continents around the surface of the earth and causes geological formations to occur?
Plate tectonics
107
Who proposed the theory of Pangea?
Alfred Wegener
108
These form when erosion changes the face of the earth's surface
Canyons
109
As the plates of earth shift, there is a phenomenon called __________ which causes the plateau to rise, causing the river to be lower relative to the surface of the plateau
Uplift
110
The point on Earth' surface where the earthquake begins
Epicenter
111
These rocks are formed from the cooling of magma
Igneous rocks
112
These rocks are usually coarse and make up the majority of Earth's crust
Igneous rocks
113
These rocks are created when layers of debris are compacted and fuse together
Sedimentary rocks
114
What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?
Clastic, chemical, and organic
115
Basic sedimentary rocks that are accumulations of broken pieces of rocks
Clastic rocks
116
These sedimentary rocks form when standing water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behind
Chemical rocks
117
These sedimentary rocks are formed by materials such as calcium from shells, bones, and teeth
Organic rocks
118
These rocks form when a pre-existing rock is moved into an environment in which the minerals that make up the rock become unstable
Metamorphic rocks
119
Occurs when the sun heats up the water on the surface of the earth
Evaporation
120
Occurs when the water vapor in the air cools and changes back into liquid, forming clouds
Condensation
121
Occurs when the amount of water that has condensed in the air is too much for the air to hold. The clouds that hold the water become heavy and the water falls back to the surface of the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow.
Precipitation
122
Occurs when the water returns to the surface of the earth and falls back into water sources like oceans, lakes, or rivers.
Collection
123
These air masses bring extremely cold temperatures and little moisture. They generally originate in the Arctic Circle and move south across Canada and the United States during winter
Continental arctic
124
These air masses bring cold and dry weather. They generally form south of the Arctic Circle and affect the weather in the United States in the winter. In the summer these air masses affect only the northern portion of the United States
Continental polar
125
These air masses are cool and moist and bring cloudy, damp weather to the United States
Maritime polar
126
These air masses bring warm temperatures and moisture. They can form year round but are most common in the summer
Maritime tropical
127
These air masses form over the desert southwest and northern Mexico in the summer. They begin over the equator where moist air is heated and rises.
Continental tropical
128
The horizontal movement of air
Wind
129
Low pressure regions of little steady air movement
Doldrums
130
Warm, steady breezes that blow continuously
Trade winds
131
Trade winds act as the steering force for:
Tropical storms
132
Winds that are responsible for many of the weather movements in the United States and Canada
Prevailing westerlies
133
Horizontal, layered clouds that appear to blanket the sky. They form where warm, moist air passes over cool air
Status clouds
134
These clouds are puffy and look like cotton balls. They generally form when warm, moist air is forced upward and produce heavy thunderstorms in the summer
Cumulus clouds
135
These clouds are wispy and feathery. They only form at high altitudes and are composed of ice crystals
Cirrus clouds
136
These clouds produce precipitation
Nimbus clouds
137
Occurs when rain water falls to land and moves across the land to rivers, streams, or other water sites. Occurs when the quantity of rainfall exceeds the rate at which the soil can absorb water
Runoff
138
Downward movement of water through the soil and rock in the ground
Percolation
139
Process by which materials in the soil are transferred into the water
Leaching
140
A formation that transmits water under the surface of the earth
Aquifer
141
Lake like area where water is kept until needed
Reservoir
142
True or false: trade winds form at the poles
False, trade winds form at the equator
143
What are the three ways heat is transferred through the Earth's system?
Radiation, conduction, and convection
144
When heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves
Radiation
145
Occurs when heat transfer through molecular movement
Conduction
146
Occurs through the movement of masses, either air or water
Convection
147
What accounts for Earth's seasons?
The tilt of Earth on its axis
148
What occurs when the moon and sun are on opposite sides of the Earth
Full moon
149
What are the four phases of the moon?
New Moon, First Quarter Moon, Full Moon, Last Quarter Moon
150
The beginnings of space exploration began in 1914 when __________ received two parents for rockets
Robert Goddard
151
What two space shuttles were destroyed during missions?
Challenger and Columbia
152
In which Apollo mission did Armstrong and Aldrin walk on the moon?
Apollo 11
153
What are the 8 levels of taxonomy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
154
What are the three domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
155
Cells in which a nucleus is present
Eukaryotes
156
Cells without nucleus
Prokaryotes
157
A system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids, and other materials are made
Endoplasmic reticulum
158
Covered in ribosomes and is usually found near the nucleus
Rough ER
159
Does not contain ribosomes, makes lipids, and breaks down toxic materials that could damage the. Ell
Smooth ER
160
The organelle that packages and distributes proteins
Golgi complex
161
The power source of the cell. The organelle in which sugar is broken down to produce energy
Mitochondria
162
Transports the lipids and proteins to other parts of the cell or outside the cell
Vesicles
163
The vesicles responsible for digestion inside a cell. Organelles that contain digestive enzymes that destroy worn out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste, and protect cells from invaders
Lysosomes
164
Protists that consume food in their environment
Heterotrophs
165
Organisms that invade other organisms called hosts to obtain the nutrients it needs
Parasites
166
Offspring come from one parent and are an identical copy of the parent
Asexual reproduction
167
Unicellular protists
Algae
168
Free floating single cell protists
Phyto plankton
169
Animal like protists (heterotrophs)
Protozoans
170
What are the feet of amoebas
Pseudopodia
171
Complex protists that have hundreds of tiny hairlike structures
Ciliates
172
Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll
Fungi
173
What happens when sex cells are formed and then joined together to make sexual spores that grow into new fungi
Sexual reproduction
174
What fungi live in soil and are decomposers
Threadlike fungi
175
What is the type of fungi that includes yeast, mildew, truffles, morels
Sac fungi
176
What kind of fungi are mushrooms
Club fungi
177
What are all other species of fungi
Imperfect fungi
178
Sac fungi reproduce both asexually through a sac called:
Ascus
179
Twisted mass of hyphae
Mycelium
180
Multicellular fungi are made up of chains of cells called:
Hyphae
181
Threadlike fungi reproduce a sexually using spore cases called
Sporangia
182
A plant is a eukaryotic, multicellular
Autotroph
183
Autotrophs create their own
Food
184
What are the two stages of a plant's lifecycle?
Sporophyte and gametophyte
185
Carbon dioxide enters the plants leaves through __________ openings in the leaf's surface which can open and close
Stomata
186
The loss of water through leaves is called
Transpiration
187
Nonflowering seed plants are called
Gymnosperms
188
Flowering seed plants are called
Angiosperms
189
The process by which plants convert the energy that is stored in glucose molecules into energy that sells can use
Cellular respiration
190
What are the four categories of eukaryotes?
Protists, fungi, plants, and animals
191
What to plant cells have that animal cells do not have?
Chloroplasts and cell walls
192
What are the two ways cells can divide?
Mitosis and meiosis
193
Who was the father of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel
194
A well validated and well supported explanation of some aspect of the natural world
Theory
195
A truthful exclamation of different events that happen with uniformity under certain conditions
Law
196
The precision of an assessment instrument
Reliability
197
The accuracy of an assessment instrument
Validity
198
The geological phenomena of plate tectonics is most likely caused by what?
Convection currents in the core
199
The first American to be launched into space was?
Alan Shepard
200
Which Apollo flight was considered a "successful failure" when it's mission had to be aborted due to the explosion of oxygen tanks?
Apollo 13
201
Occurs when light passes through a transparent material like water at a slant angle
Refraction
202
What part of the cell breaks down sugar to create energy?
Mitochondria
203
A phase change that involves. Hanging from a solid to a liquid can be called:
Fusion
204
Which is not considered an electromagnetic wave?
Sound waves
205
Does an instrument that is considered valid also have to be reliable?
Yes, if it is valid then it must be reliable
206
A physical occurance related to stationary and moving electrons and protons is called:
Electricity
207
When would you use a link cable?
When using graphing calculators
208
The process by which a plant converts glucose into energy
Respiration
