Science 20 Bio Flashcards
Commensalism
One benefits other is unharmed
Parasitism
One benefits other is harmed
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit
What is a pioneer species
The pioneer species is the initial species to appear during succession
Invasive species
Not native to environment and can be harmful
Primary succession
No soil present after disturbance, may been caused by a wipeout
Secondary succession
Soil present after a disturbance. Usually cause by a natural disaster
Biotic potential
The ability for a species to increase under ideal conditions
Brith potential: max number of off spring
Capacity of survival: number of off spring that will live to reproduce
Breeding frequency: number of times a species can reproduce in a year
Length of reproduction: how long an organism is able to produce off spring Capacity
Factors that affect biotic potential
Light,lack of space,food availability etc
Why do predator and prey vary
When there is more prey the predator increases and over time the prey decreases because the predator is eating all the prey then when there is very few to no prey the predator starts decreasing because no food and then the prey will grow again
Nitrification
Nitrifying bacteria in the soil convert NH3/NH4 into No2 nitrites and No3 nitrate which plants use
Nitrogen fixation
Bacteria on plants or bacteria in the soil take nitrogen(N2) from the atmosphere and convert it into ammonia(NH3
Ammonification
When plants and animals die,decomposers return ammonia to the soil. It can be used again and again
Photosynthesis and respiration
Plants take Co2 from the atmosphere and organisms releasing respiration. photosynthesis fits into the carbon cycle because carbon dioxide is pulled from the air to produce food made for plant growth
Carbon reservoirs
1.ocean
2.atmosphere
3.on land organisms
4. Underground fossil fuels
Condensation
Vapor to liquid ex:clouds
Decaying organisms
Over long periods of time the decomposition pressure and heat will generate fossil fuels
Emissions of fossil fuel
The burning of fossil fuel emits Co2 back into the atmosphere
Evaporation
Liquid to vapor
Run off
Precipitation falls on to land and runs into bodies of water
Precipitation
Rain,snow, sleet,hail
Transpiration
Plants
Green house effect
The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap the Sun’s heat. This process makes Earth much warmer than it would be without an atmosphere
Albedo effect
How much light is reflected back from a surface. A surface with high albedo means a lot of light is reflected (light surfaces) while low albedo mean that light is absorbed and then re admitted as thermal energy (dark surfaces)
What is acid deposition
Acid deposition includes both dry and wet deposition with a ph less then 5.6
Wet deposition is reacting with water in the atmosphere to form rain,snow or hail
Dry deposition is transported by wind
Algal blooms
An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the density of algae in an aquatic system.
Why water is important
- major component of living organisms
- high specific heat capacity
- Important for chemical reactions
- Universal solvent
- Capillary action
Biotic
Living organisms ex: animals,bacteria, fungi,plants
Abiotic
Non living ex: temperature,light,air,water,soil
Primary consumer
The organisms that eat the producers
Secondary consumer
Organism that receive their energy from primary consumers
Symbiosis
A close and permanent relationship between two different species
Fossils
Paleontology,the study of fossils has led to significant discoveries supporting the theory of evolution.
More the 5% of fossil species have been discovered, however scientists think this is only a fraction of what has lived on earth.
Fossils are formed in different ways
What can fossils tell us
- provides clues about how and when new species appeared, evolved, and became extinct
-look at similarities and differences in anatomy
-shows us that life is old and has changed a lot over time
Endemic species
A endemic species is species that are closely related tend to have a lot of structure similarities
Homologous features
Features with similar structure but different functions
Analogous features
Features that are similar in function but do not have the same evolutionary history
Vestigial features
Features that no longer seem to have a purpose in the current form of the organism
Gradualism
Gradualism is the idea that individuals change slowly over long periods of time
Punctuated equilibrium
Punctuated equilibrium is the idea that sometimes species may change a lot quickly and then not change for a while
Darwins theory
Species keep evolving/changing over time
Lamarcks theory
Lamarck’s theory says that traits an organism develops during its life can be passed to its offspring.
Photosynthesis
the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar
Denitrification
Excess nitrates in the soil are
converted back into atmospheric
nitrogen by a different set of
bacteria.
Mutation
A random change of one of the amino acids
-if the mutation is beneficial to an organism,it will be passed down to the next generation and evolution will continue to take its course
-if the mutation is harmful to the organism, it will not be passed down to the next generation and because of that it will not help the organism evolve
- if the mutation is neutral to an organism, then it may or no have an effect on the evolution of the organism
Environmental factors that may cause mutations
•climate
•poaching
Darwin’s theory of natural selection
Darwin’s theory of natural selection It explains how species evolve over time through a process where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Biosphere
This is the whole Earth where life exists, including all the plants, animals, and their environments.
Biosphere
This is the whole Earth where life exists, including all the plants, animals, and their environments.
Community
The combination of multiple populations of species residing in a specific location.
Population
A group of one species that occupies a specific geographic location
Closed population
Does not allow for movement of organisms between populations.
Open population
allows for the movement of organisms between
populations.
Interspecific
When individuals from different species are competing for the same resource
Intraspecific
Members of the same species compete for the same resource
Over production
More offspring are produced than can live
Struggle for existence
Limited resources not enough for all
Variation
Within the species there will be variations (size,color)
Survival of the fittest
To live long enough to reproduce
Origin of a new species
Ex: long neck giraffes
Abiotic and biotic factors that can affect population
Promote growth
Biotic: lots of food, stable number of predators, vegetation
Abiotic: lot of clean water, adequate sunlight, adequate weather
Limit growth
Biotic: no/low food, no/low vegetation, competition
Abiotic: low/no water, bad/not adequate weather, not enough sunlight, no shelter
The process of natural selection
1.over production
2.struggle for existence
3.variation
4.survival of the fittest
- Origin of a new species
Order of nitrogen cycle
- nitrogen fixation
- nitrogen assimilation
- ammonification
- nitrification
- denitrification
Assimilation
Animals eat the plants to get nitrogen
(Plants absorb NO3)
Atmospheric
Pathway lightning N2-NO3
Decomposition
Dead organisms and animal waste
Population distributions
Clumped: resources are not distributed equally
Random: no particular pattern
Uniform: limited resources avoiding competition
