SCIENCE Flashcards
A vent, hill, or mountain that erupts, releasing molten rocks, rock fragments, and gaseous materials onto Earth’s surface.
VOLCANOES
Volcanoes are mostly found in the?
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE/CIRCUM-PACIFIC BELT
Where does the name “Volcano” come from?
ITALIAN WORD VULCANO - “BURNING MOUNTAIN”
LATIN WORD VULCAN - “THE ROMAN GOD OF FIRE”
Cooled Magma
LAVA
Rock Fragments
TEPHRA
Monitors Volcanoes in the Philippines.
PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institution of Volcanology and Seismology)
The side of a volcano
FLANK
Molten rock that erupts from a volcano and solidifies as it cools.
LAVA
Mouth of a volcano, surrounds a volcanic vent, a funnel shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of an explosive eruption.
CRATER
The highest part of a volcano.
SUMMIT
The entrance; part of a conduit that ejects lava and ash.
THROAT
Fragments of lava and rock smaller than 2mm.
ASH
ASH CLOUD
A cloud of ash.
Self-explanatory LMAO
Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface.
MAGMA
Underground passage magma travels through. It connects the magma chamber to the throat.
CONDUIT
Flat piece of rock formed when magma hardens.
SILL
Bodies of magma that cut through and across the layering of adjacent rocks. Formed when magma goes through fractures and solidifies.
DIKE
Small cone shaped volcano formed by the accumulations of volcanic debris.
PARASITIC CONE
The actual opening where the lava and ash come from.
VENT
Formation of a Volcano
- Magma beneath the Earth’s surface causes pressure. The pressure causes cracks in the rocks.
- The magma reaches the surface.
- The magma ejects lava flow and ash deposits.
- Over time, it will cool down and solidify.
- It will continue to eject lava until it gets bigger and bigger.
Also known as scoria cones. Simplest type. Built from pyroclastic fragments and volcanic ashes that form and solidify around the main vent to form a cone, which can be either circular or oval. Usually small.
CINDERCONE
Also known as stratovolcanoes. Formed when viscous andestic lava flows out of a vent for a very long time. They have acidic and sticky lava which allows the lava to solidify without travelling very far. Cone is symmetrical. Explosive eruptions.
COMPOSITE
Formed when non-acidic basaltic lava flows of high viscosity producing broad sloping sides and shield-like structures. They are not very explosive and are among the largest volcanoes in the world. Dome shaped with a wide base.
SHIELD
These volcanoes have erupted during historical times (i.e, documented by people) within the last 600 years. In addition, they have erupted at least once in the last past 10 000 years and are likely to erupt again. There are 24 of them in the Philippines.
ACTIVE
These volcanoes are active but not erupting; however they are expected to erupt anytime soon.
DORMANT
These volcanoes have not had any eruption in the past 10 000 years and are expected not to erupt anymore in the future. These volcanoes have been intensively weathered and eroded.
DISTINCT/INACTIVE
Different kinds of eruptions can be classified as either?
EFFUSIVE OR EXPLOSIVE
Involve the outpouring of basaltic magma that is relatively low in viscosity and low in gas content.
EFFUSIVE ERUPTIONS
Involve magma of high viscosity and high gas content.
EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
Driven by steam due to rapid heating beneath a volcano. Releases steam. They often precede or accompany another type of volcanic eruption.
PHREATIC
Occurs when water interacts with magma. It releases steam and pyroclastic fragments into Earth’s surface.
PHREATOMAGMATIC
Fountains of either basaltic or andesitic lava. This eruption creates eruptive products such as scoria (hardened chunks of bubbly lava) and lava bombs
STROMBOLIAN
Steam, viscous lava, volcanic material that very quickly goes down.
PELEAN
Tall eruptions that go up to 20km high. Short, explosive and violent. This happens when the pressure is enough to blow off the overlaying layer of solidified lava over the entrapped gases in magma.
VULCANIAN
Most destructive and violent eruptions. Volcanic materials go more than 20km high and form an eruption column.
PILINIAN
Comes from the Greek word geo which means “Earth,” and thermal, which means “heat.”
Comes from heat contained in fluids in rocks beneath the Earth.
May be derived from steam or hot liquid water.
Obtained by drilling wells.
The Philippines is the 3rd largest producer of this globally.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Steam from natural resources such as geysers or high pressure depths are used to drive electrical turbines.
CONVENTIONAL GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
The scientists and researchers are using the heat from supercritical water.
VOLCANIC GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Is believed to have greater energy than conventional steam.
SUPERCRITICAL WATER
Where the heat of the Earth changes water into steam, then the steam turns a turbine.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
How do Geothermal Power Plants work?
Hot water is pumped from underground. (Thermal energy)
The steam from the hot waters turns a turbine. (Mechanical energy)
The turbine turns the generator. (Mechanical energy)
Electricity then goes to a grid. (Electrical energy)
Removes heat from the fluid in the Earth’s connection, concentrates it, then transfers it into a building.
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: VOLCANO
Advantages
Tourism
Lava and ash deposits act as fertilizer
Generating geothermal Energy
Habitats
Can create new islands
Cools down the Earth
Precious gems and building materials
Disadvantages
Harmful gases
Pyroclastic flow
Lahar
Landslides
Tephra
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Advantages
Renewable
Sustainable
More environmentally friendly
Efficient
No fuel required
Disadvantages
May trigger earthquakes (due to digging)
Environment concerns (gas from underground may enter atmosphere)
Location-restricted (power plants must be built where geothermal energy is accessible)
May affect stability of land
Costly
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
It refers to the behavior of the atmosphere over relatively long periods of time.
CLIMATE
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
The distance (in degrees) to the North and South from the equator
LATITUDE
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
Wind direction a particular area or region experiences most frequently
PREVAILING WINDS
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
The height above sea level
ALTITUDE
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
Coastal areas are cooler and wetter than inland areas
DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
TYPES OF CLIMATE
- Found in places near the equator
- Dry and wet seasons
TROPICAL
TYPES OF CLIMATE
- Involve very hot summers with seldom rains
- Arid or semiarid places
DRY
TYPES OF CLIMATE
- Moderate rainfall across the year, warm summers and cool winters
- Common to places found in latitudes
TEMPERATE
TYPES OF CLIMATE
- Include variation of temperature year-round; hot summers, cold winters, and a small amount of rainfall
CONTINENTAL
TYPES OF CLIMATE
- Cool summers and very long cold winters
- Permafrost
POLAR
It is the natural healing process of the Earth.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
It is the gradual increase in the Earth’s temperature.
GLOBAL WARMING
It is a change in the usual weather found in a place.
CLIMAGE CHANGE
It refers to the climactic conditions in localized areas near the Earth’s surface. It is defined by temperature, moisture, winds, vegetation, soil, elevation, latitude, and season.
MICROCLIMATE
MICROCLIMATES IN THE PH
There are two pronounced seasons: dry from the months of November to April, and wet the rest of the year.
TYPE I
MICROCLIMATES IN THE PH
There is no dry season with very pronounced rainfall from November to April and wet the rest of the year.
TYPE II
MICROCLIMATES IN THE PH
Seasons are not very pronounced: relatively dry from November to April and then wet for the rest of the year.
TYPE III
MICROCLIMATES IN THE PH
Rainfall is more likely to be evenly distributed throughout the year.
TYPE IV
It refers to a seasonal shift in the direction of the prevailing winds of a region.
MONSOONS
It is a significant climate phenomena because of its ability to alter or change the atmospheric circulation of the world, affecting temperature and precipitation.
ENSO
Rapid rotating storm over tropical oceans.
TROPICAL CYCLONES
