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1
Q

How does the respiratory system function in gas exchange?

A

The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the environment and releases carbon dioxide, which is a byproduct of metabolism

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2
Q

Identify the main structures of the respiratory system

A

nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs

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3
Q

Explain the role of the nose in the respiratory system

A

The nose serves as the external opening to the respiratory system, allowing oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to exit

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4
Q

What is the significance of the larynx in the respiratory system

A

the larynx, or voicebox, is located at the top of the trachea and plays a crucial role in sound production

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5
Q

Describe the function of the diaphragm during inhalation

A

During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure, allowing oxygen to be pulled in.

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6
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

A

During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and increasing pressure, which pushes carbon dioxide out

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7
Q

How do alveoli contribute to gas exchange?

A

Alveoli are small sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs, allowing oxygen to pass into the blood and carbon dioxide to be released

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8
Q

What is the reason for the left lung having only 2 lobes?

A

The left lung has only 2 lobes to make room for the heart

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9
Q

How does the respiratory system help maintain blood pH?

A

by removing excess acid through the exhalation of carbon dioxide when blood becomes too acidic

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10
Q

What are some diseases that can affect the respiratory system?

A

pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma

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11
Q

How can pollution affect the respiratory system?

A

Pollution can irritate the lungs and cause breathing problems as air quality deteriorates

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12
Q

Describe the role of bronchi in the respiratory system

A

The bronchi are the 2 main tubes that lead from the trachea into the lungs, branching into smaller bronchioles

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13
Q

What is the structure of the lungs in terms of sections?

A

The right lung is divided into 3 sections, while the left is divided into 2 sections

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14
Q

Explain the process of ventilation in the respiratory system

A

Ventilation refers to the process of breathing, where air flows into the lungs during inhalation and out during exhalation

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15
Q

Describe the role of allergies and inflammation in the respiratory system

A

Allergies and inflammation can narrow the airways, making it difficult to breathe, often leading to symptoms like shortness of breath and wheezing

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16
Q

Define the components of he cardiovascular system

A

The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood vessels and blood

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17
Q

How does the heart function in the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, consisting of 4 chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle

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18
Q

What is the function of the septum in the heart?

A

The septum is the wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart’s chambers

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19
Q

What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?

A

Veins, arteries and capillaries

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20
Q

Explain the difference between arteries and veins

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Veins carry blood towards the heart

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21
Q

What occurs in the capillaries?

A

Exchange of nutrients and waste products occur between blood and tissues

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22
Q

Describe the role of blood in the cardiovascular system

A

Blood is the liquid that carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and removes carbon dioxide and waste products

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23
Q

What happens during systole in the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular contraction

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24
Q

What is diastole in the context of the heart?

A

Diastole is the phase when the heart relaxes and fills with blood

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25
How do the heart valves contribute to heart sounds?
The closing of the AV valves during systole creates the 'lub' sound the closing of SL valves during diastole creates the 'dub' sound
26
Identify the primary pacemaker of the heart?
the sinoatrial node is the primary pacemaker of the heart
27
What is the function of the atrioventricular node?
the atrioventricular node acts as a secondary pacemaker, regulating the heart rate to 40-60 beats per minute
28
Describe the role of Purkinje fibers in the heart
The purkinje fibers branch out through the ventricles stimulating contraction
29
Explain the concept of a closed cardiovascular system
A closed cardiovascular system means that blood remains within the vessels and does not leak out under normal conditions
30
How does blood flow through the cardiovascular system?
Blood flows from the heart through arteries to the body, exchanges oxygen and nutrients in capillaries, and returns as deoxygenated blood through veins back to the heart
31
Describe the journey of blood through the heart and lungs
blood enters the right atrium, moves to the right ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is absorbed, then into the left atrium then moves to the left ventricle
32
Define the primary function of the cardiovascular system
To deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and remove carbon dioxide and waste
33
How does the cardiovascular system help maintain blood pressure
It regulates the force of blood against the walls of the arteries, ensuring it is neither too high nor too low
34
Explain how the cardiovascular system assists in temperature regulation
When body temperature rises, blood vessels dilate to release heat; when it drops, they constrict to retain heat
35
What role does the bicarbonate buffer system play in the cardiovascular system?
It helps maintain the body's pH by removing excess hydrogen ions from the blood
36
Describe the structure of the gastrointestinal tract
A long continuous tube starting from the mouth and ending at the anus, divided into parts including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum
37
How does digestion begin in the mouth?
Digestion begins with mechanical breakdown through chewing, lubricated by mucus and saliva, and initiated chemically by enzymes like amylase and lipase
38
What is peristalsis and where does it occur?
Peristalsis is the contraction of muscles that occurs in the esophagus to move food down to the stomach
39
Explain the role of the stomach in digestion
The stomach stores food and initiates chemical digestion with enzymes and gastric acid that kills bacteria and denatures proteins
40
What are the main functions of the small intestine?
The small intestine is the main site for digestion and absorption, composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
41
Describe the function of the large intestine
The large intestine absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins produced by enteric bacteria
42
What is the role of the rectum in the digestive system?
The rectum stores feces until it is eliminate through defecation
43
Identify the accessory organs involved in digestion
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
44
What is gastrin and its function?
gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates the production of stomach acid
45
Explain the function of cholecystokinin (CCK)
CCK is produced by the small intestine and stimulates the release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
46
What does secretin do in the digestive process?
Secretin is produced by the small intestine and stimulates the production of bicarbonate from the liver
47
How does insulin regulate blood sugar levels?
Insulin helps lower blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells
48
What is the role of glucagon in the body?
Glucagon, produced by the pancreas, helps release glucose from the liver to raise blood sugar levels
49
Describe the function of bile in digestion
Bile breaks down fats in the small intestine
50
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
51
Identify the components of the CNS
The brain and spinal cord
52
What is the primary role of the central nervous system?
The CNS serves as the central command center for communication and actions in the body
53
Describe the role of the peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is composed of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and innervate the body, sending signals from the brain to targeted locations
54
Define a neuron and its components
A neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
55
How do dendrites function in a neuron?
Dendrites are short, branch like extensions that generate graded electrical impulses
56
Explain the role of the myelin sheath
The myelin sheath is a white fatty substance that covers the axon and helps to increase the speed of nerve impulses
57
What is a synapse?
A synapse is the space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron
58
Differentiate between sensory and motor neurons
Sensory neurons send messages to the CNS, motor neurons send messages to muscles
59
What are the 2 types of nervous systems within motor neurons?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
60
Describe the autonomic nervous system
Responsible for involuntary actions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration
61
What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary actions, including the movement of limbs
62
Identify the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
63
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is responsible for the movement of the body
64
How is cardiac muscle characterized?
Cardiac muscle is striated, found in the heart, and is involuntary
65
Describe smooth muscle and its characteristics
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs, is not striated, and is involuntary
66
What is the overall function of muscle tissues?
Muscle tissues are responsible for generating force by contracting and producing movement by moving the bones would which they are attached
67
How do nerves and muscle work together for movement?
Nerves control muscles by sending signals or impulses that cause the muscle to contract and generate force
68
What happens when a muscle fiber receives a nerve impulse?
When a muscle fiber receives a nerve impulse, it contracts and generates force.
69

TEAS (3 decks)

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