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TEAS review > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Increased temperature = increased rate of diffusion

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2
Q

What is a titer?

A

the reciprocal of the highest dilution(smaller fraction) of serum in which a zone of equivalence is visible.

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3
Q

What do basophils do in allergic reactions?

A

They increased inflammation.
-release histamine

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4
Q

What can be determined by an elevated IgM level?

A

IgM is first responder and only appears once in an infection. So the infection is fresh.

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5
Q

____ is when small substances are transported by going down their concentration gradient

A

Simple diffusion

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6
Q

Cerebral hemispheres perform____

A

the highest level of thinking

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7
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves originate in the body?

A

The cranial and sacral area of the spinal cord

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8
Q

what is the secondary immune response to a pathogen?

A

-adaptive response:
1. humoral: b cells make antibodies
2. cellular: t cells secrete cytokines

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9
Q

What is the idea of the sliding filament model?

A

The idea that actin and myosin increase their overlap to shorten a sarcomere and create contraction

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10
Q

Why is anaphylaxis so dangerous?

A

-airway constricts
-blood vessel dilate= BP drops
-increased histamine

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11
Q

List the three fibers and their qualities.

A
  1. Collagen
    - strongest, abundant
  2. Elastic
    - branching framework
  3. Reticular
    -short, fine; spongelike framework
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12
Q

What is the coxa on the human body?

A

Hip

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13
Q

Which of the following bellow are not characteristics of smooth muscle?
a. actin
b. myosin
c. gap junctions
d. sarcomeres

A

d. sarcomeres
Not organized in sarcomeres

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14
Q

Which molecule is associated with the fatty plaque accumulating the veins?

A

LDL
low density lipoprotein

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15
Q

Types of synovial joints?

A
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. condylar
  4. pivot
  5. ball/socket
  6. saddle
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16
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Fibro
- Dense layers
- Rows/organized

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17
Q

This neuroglia is a phagocytic cell and kills pathogens.

A

Microglial cell

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18
Q

Difference between antigentic shift and drift? Which is more concerning in pathology?

A
  1. Shift > Complete new reassortment of Genome>outbreaks (concerning)
  2. Drift > small changes>mutations
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19
Q

Which are elastic and collagen fibers?

A

Purple- elastic
Pink - collagen

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20
Q

What is the calcaneal on the human body?

A

Heel

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21
Q

what is a catabolic reaction?

A

a reaction breaking molecules

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22
Q

What is the purpose of sebaceous glands?

A

Produce sebum to lubricate hair follicles

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23
Q

what type of cell junction restricts both the flow of water and ions from passing between cells?
-water is not allowed to move in/out
-watertight

A

tight junctions
-bladder
-kidney

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24
Q

What is letter B pointing at ?

A

the corpus callosum

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25
Q

Adduction means ___

A

towards midline

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26
Q

What affects the activity of enzyme?

A

pH, temperature, concentration of substrate.

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27
Q

What is the hallux on the human body?

A

Big toe

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28
Q

How do we feel balanced?

A

The fluid within the semicircular canals moves and hair cells depolarize, telling the brain how we are moving.

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29
Q

This type of body tissue is avascular and regenerates very quickly.

A

Epithelial tissue

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30
Q

What is the pathway in which smells are processed?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Nose hairs
  3. Olfactory epithelium (main organ)
    -contains olfactory sensory cells
  4. Ethmoid bone
  5. Olfactory bulb
  6. Olfactory tract
  7. Olfactory cortex —> frontal cortex and limbic system
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31
Q

What can B cells differentiate into once activated?
What activates them?

A

Helper T cells activate them
Plasma cells and memory B cells

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32
Q

What defines a compound as an acid?

A

it gives a proton (H+)

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33
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

a solution with a low concentration of solutes

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34
Q

What are prions and why do they result in the breakdown of the brain matter?

A

Prions are denatured proteins ( b: pleated sheet), the enzymes cannot break them down and instead break down the brain matter

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35
Q

This neuroglia produces the myelin sheath in the PNS.

A

Shwann cells

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36
Q

How do antiviral drugs stop the viral infection of an infected individual?

A
  1. stop entry/fusion
  2. prevent viral uncoating
  3. inhibit viral DNA integration
  4. inhibit viral synthesis
  5. inhibit protease = stop protein synthesis
  6. inhibit neuraminidase = stop budding/exit
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37
Q

A lung has three lobes on it, which lung is it? Right or left?

A

Right

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38
Q

What are the subdivisions of connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Loose
    - Areolar
    - Reticular
    - Adipose
  2. Dense
    - Regular
    - Irregular
    - Elastic
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39
Q

Six special features of synovial joints:?

A
  1. articular cartilage covering bone surfaces
  2. bond-like ligaments
  3. joint cavity
  4. fluid lubricant – prevent friction
  5. joint capsule
  6. sensory fibers, blood vessels
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40
Q

what is an anion?

A

a negatively charged ion

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41
Q

What is the thick filament of muscles called?

A

myosin

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42
Q

What atomic particles are located in the nucleus?

A

Proton and Neutrons

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43
Q

What is the limbic system composed of and known for?

A

-Hippocampus and amygdala
-Strong emotions

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44
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

volume of blood through the circulatory system in a minute.
CO = mL/min

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45
Q

What are the five classes of anitbodies?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgE
  4. IgA
  5. IgD
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46
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store for muscle cells?

A

Ca2++

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47
Q

What is the goal of the parasympathetic system when activated?

A

To carry out the rest of life functions:
-rest and digest

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48
Q

This sub-atomic particle has a positive charge and contributes to atomic mass.

A

Proton

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49
Q

What is globe luxation?

A

A condition in which the eyes pop out.

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50
Q

what are the three levels of motility?

A
  1. True motility (propels itself)
  2. Brownian movement ( moves with the current)
  3. Non-motile
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51
Q

How do varicose veins and hemorrhoids occur?

A

When veins have too much pressure or blood backflows and twists the veins.

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52
Q

What makes up capillaries?

A

a single layer of epithelial tissue to enhance diffusion
(only a tunica intima)

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53
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Hyaline
-clear ground substance
- more open

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54
Q

What do anti-fungal drugs such as amphotericin B do against fungi?

A
  • prevent ergosterol synthesis which is critical for their cell wall
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55
Q

What is the brain stem composed of? what is the function?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
    Brain stem relays body info to the brain - basic life function
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56
Q

Hyperextension means____

A

Hyperextension: Increases angle between two bones beyond normal range

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57
Q

What lobes of the brain are associated with:
1. auditory, language (Wernicke’s)
2. Touch, pain, pressure
3. Visual
4. Muscle control, motor skills, cognitive skills (Broca’s)

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Frontal
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58
Q

What is the dorsum on the human body?

A

Top of the foot

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59
Q

Abduction means ____

A

away from midline

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60
Q

Flexion means ____

A

Decreases angle between two bones

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61
Q

what type of cell junction allows the movement of water and ions between cells? Intracellularly
- tunnel between cells

A

gap junctions
-cardiac tissue
-neurons

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62
Q

what type of WBC are phagocytic and granulated?

A

neutrophils

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63
Q

What are the functional classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar interneurons
  2. motor neurons
  3. sensory neurons
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64
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?
A good mnemonic ?
Functions?

A
  1. Olfactory (On) - Scents
  2. Optic (On) - Visual
  3. Oculomotor (On) - 4/6 eye moves
  4. Trochlear (They) - 1/6 eye moves
  5. Trigeminal (Traveled) - face/ jaw
  6. Abducens (And) - some eye muscle
  7. Facial (Found) - facial expressions
  8. Vestibulocochlear (Voldemort) - hearing
  9. Glossopharyngeal (Guarding) - tongue/pharynx
  10. Vagus (Very) - heart, GI, visceral organs
  11. [Spinal] Accessory (Ancient) - head/shoulders
  12. Hypoglossal (Horcruxes) - swallow/talk
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65
Q

What happens in an aneurysm?

A

When an artery bulges and actually bursts.

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66
Q

Why is sodium associated with higher blood pressure?

A

Because where sodium goes water follows.
the water is retained with more salt intake
more blood volume = higher BP

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67
Q

Why can pacemaker cells generate their own action potentials?

A

leaky sodium ion channels
which allow for the cell to get closer to its threshold for depolarization

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68
Q

Why are defibrillators used for Vfib?

A

They deliver such a high electrical shock to the heart that fires all the cells and they stop while they repolarize. Then the leaky channels in the SA depolarize the cell and the cycle starts anew.

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69
Q

What happens to enzyme activity if there is a constant increase of substrates?

A

The enzyme activity would increase until it reaches saturation point and it would plateau.

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70
Q

The parasympathetic nerves originating from the cranial area are special in what way?

A

The brain is directly connected to the effector organs.
They are called cranial nerves

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71
Q

what is an anabolic reaction?

A

a reaction building molecules

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72
Q

____ is when substances are transported with the aid of a channel and the stored energy of a nearby channel to go against their concentration gradient.

A

Secondary active transportation

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73
Q

What is the ground substance for blood?

A

Plasma

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74
Q

what are CD4+ cells also called?
What is their role in immunity?

A

-T helper cells
- stimulate CD8+ cells
-stimulate WBCs
-stimulate B-cells for antibodies
-become memory T cells

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75
Q

Why does the hormone norepinephrine affect the stomach and lungs differently in the sympathetic system?

A

The types of receptors for norepinephrine are different.
The stomach has alpha receptors that inhibit blood flow
The lungs have beta receptors that increase blood flow

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76
Q

what are the different outcomes of the complement activation system?

A
  1. cytolysis
  2. opsonization
  3. inflammation
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77
Q

Conduction velocity can differ for cells, why?
such as reflexes vs glands

A

Myelination.
When a neuron is myelinated, the signal undergoes saltatory conduction (leaping from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier) vs non-myelinated cells mus undergo continuous conduction

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78
Q

What is the sural on the human body?

A

Calf

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79
Q

What is the thin filament of muscles called?

A

actin

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80
Q

Label the parts of the bone.
Be sure to describe the difference between lacunae and lamellae

A
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81
Q

How is atomic mass calculated?

A

Add protons and neutrons

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82
Q

type of graph?

A

Uniform

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83
Q

what are the three ways that neurotransmitter is removed?

A

1) diffusion
2) enzymatic degradation
3) uptake in cells

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84
Q

The smaller the diameter of the lumen, the ___ for blood to move through

A

harder

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85
Q

_____ is when vesicles transport large molecules outside of the cell/ fuse with the plasma membrane then release the contents outside of the cell.

A

EXOcytosis

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86
Q

Type of graph?

A

Skewed left

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87
Q

What is the organization of muscles ( think cell components to organ)

A
  1. Myofibril
  2. Muscle fibers (the cell)
  3. endomysium
  4. Fascicle
  5. Perimysium
  6. Muscle
    Epimysium
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88
Q

what are the factors that affect the conduction rate?

A

1) axon diameter: larger=faster
2) amount of myelination: myelination = faster
3) temperature: warmer = faster

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89
Q

what does the respiratory system in the medulla oblongata do to compensate for low blood pH? high blood pH?

A

(acidic) low pH: increase RR
(alkaline) high pH: decrease RR

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90
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus create? where to store?

A
  • Oxcytocin (uterine contractions)
    -ADH
    both in posterior pituitary
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91
Q

What is the pathway of light?

A
  1. cornea
  2. iris
  3. lens
  4. photoreceptors
  5. bipolar cells
  6. ganglion cells
  7. optic nerve
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92
Q

What is a muscle spindle and its purpose?

A

Provide information about body’s length and movement.
it will contract when the muscle overstretches to stop stretching.

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93
Q

Why is an enlarged heart not a good idea?

A

Too much, not enough supply to feed.
Can’t make more blood vessels

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94
Q

Why doesn’t myosin bind to actin whenever it wants? Why don’t we have muscle contraction when we are at rest?

A

-Tropomyosin and troponin block the binding sites of the actin
- myosin needs ATP to bind

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95
Q

What is the goal of the sympathetic system when activated?

A

To activate the flight or fight response.

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96
Q

What are the subcategories of connective tissue?
- how are these all connected together?
- why are the grouped into the same category of body tissue?

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
  3. Blood
  4. Proper
    - all of these are connected because they originate from mesenchyme and have a matrix ( a non-living component)
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97
Q

What allows myosin to bind the actin?

A

The release of Ca2++
Ca2++ binds to troponin and tropomyosin to unblock the binding sites
and ATP

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98
Q

What is frequency?
In sound?
In light?

A

Number of waves at a given point.
1. more> higher pitch
2. more> hue

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99
Q

Elastic arteries are good for what?
what is their purpose?

A

They are good for dampening surges of blood pressure and actually being reservoirs for pressure

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100
Q

What are insertions and origins with muscles?

A

Insertions: the bone moving
Origins: the bon moving the least

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101
Q

What is an example of a short bone and why is it considered a short bone?

A

Ex. Talus, carpal bones, and tarsal bones
- Roughly cube shaped
- mostly ankle and wrist

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102
Q

What is the general cycle of Tuberculosis?

A
  1. Human is infected with TB
  2. TB is ingested by macrophages and survives
  3. Lesions caused by TB and the inflammatory response become walled up–> tubercles
  4. Tubercles can become calcified and not active infection, but once it is released secondary infection is active.
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103
Q

What is the site for gas exchange in the lungs?

A

The alveoli

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104
Q

What is the electron configuration for iron?
26 protons

A

1s2, 2s2, 2sp6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6

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105
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from outer to inner layer?
What is a good mnemonic to use?

A
  1. Stratum Corneum (Come)
  2. Stratum Lucidum (lets)
    - only in thick skin
  3. Stratum Granulosum (get)
    - living keratinocytes
  4. Stratum Spinosum (sun)
    - mitosis undergoing
  5. Stratum Basale (burnt)
    - stem cells
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106
Q

What color do gram - bacteria stain?

A

Red

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107
Q

What is an example of a long bone and why is it considered a long bone?

A

Ex. Humerus, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, clavicle.
-Because they are longer than they are wide.
- it is had two distinct ends and a shaft

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108
Q

What are the three shapes that epithelial tissue can have?

A
  1. squamous (best for diffusion and absorption) - GI and lungs
  2. Cuboidal - best for secretions
  3. Columnar - best for secretion
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109
Q

What kind of neuron is #2?

A

Bipolar

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110
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate in the body?

A

The thoracic and lumbar area of the spinal cord

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111
Q

what cells in bones aid in bone breakdown?

A

osteoclasts

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112
Q

What are the stages that both mitosis and meiosis go through?

A

P-prophase
M-metaphase
A-anaphase
T-telephase

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113
Q

____ is when large molecules are transported to inside of the cell/ a part of the plasma membrane engulfs the particles and pinches off to form a vesicle within the cell.

A

ENDOcytosis

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114
Q

What creates the fingerprints we have?

A

The papillary layer in the dermis

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115
Q

Functional classifications of joints?

A
  1. Synarthroses : don’t move
  2. Amphiarthroses : slightly move
  3. Diarthroses : freely move
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116
Q

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

23 chromosomes total

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117
Q

What is the difference between water soluble and lipid soluble substances in regards to crossing cell membranes?

A

Water solubles need a cell membrane receptor to allow the substance into the cell.
Lipid solubles can diffuse through the cell

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118
Q

How does size affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Increased size = decreased rate of diffusion

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119
Q

What happens in type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

The T cells are delayed in their hypersensitivity.
Re-exposure causes T cell activation = cytotoxic cytokines

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120
Q

Label the parts of the bone out.

A
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121
Q

what happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

hemolysis –> the cell ruptures with the increased volume of water diffusing into the cell

122
Q

The higher the titer…..

A

the more antibodies

123
Q

Type of graph?

A

Skewed right

124
Q

What are two types of neuroglia found in the PNS?

A
  1. shwann cells
  2. satellite cells
125
Q

Gyrus and sulcus are important for what?

A

Increasing surface area of the brain

126
Q

What connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

127
Q

what are the different classes of hormones?

A

water soluble
lipid soluble

128
Q

What do the fibers do in the blood?
What is their purpose?

A

Blood clotting

129
Q

What happens in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE binds to the antigen and binds to mast cells as well as basophils to trigger an inflammatory reaction.
It intensifies an allergic reaction
Anaphylaxis

130
Q

What does tissue tropism refer to?

A

It refers to the way viruses must have the appropriate surface protein to match the host’s cells receptor.

131
Q

What cells secrete/release antibodies?

A

Plasma cells from activated b cells

132
Q

What is the pathway that air travels from the outside to the blood?

A
  1. Nasal or oral cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Past epiglottis
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Primary bronchi
  7. Secondary bronchi
  8. Tertiary bronchi
  9. Bronchioles
  10. Alveoli
133
Q

What is deposition?

A

Gas going to solid
decreasing temperature

134
Q

What does mitosis end with?

A

Two identical diploid cells.

135
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct.
    - Ex. sweat pores
  2. Endocrine glands secrete their products into blood.
136
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

Smaller reactants forming a larger product by creating a bond losing water

137
Q

What is the purpose of electron configuration?

A

It is used to see the orbitals that electrons occupy in an element

138
Q

what cells in bones aid in bone growth/development?

A

osteoblasts

139
Q

What are CD8+ cells also called?
What is their role in immunity?

A

-Cytotoxic T cells
-binds to infected host cells and releases perforin to creates pores in the cell and then granzymes to go through the pores and induce the cell to undergo apoptosis

140
Q

____ is when substances are transported with the aid of a protein channel down their concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

141
Q

What is the name for blood formation?

A

Hematopoiesis

142
Q

In the parasympathetic system:
1. What neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic neuron to the postganglionic neuron?
2. What neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic neuron to the effector organ?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Acetylcholine
143
Q

What is pollex on the human body?

A

Thumb

144
Q

What happens to an enzyme if subjected to below optimal temperature? Can it be salvaged?

A

It would stop working, the activity would pause. But still can be reactivated

145
Q

Why is high blood pressure so dangerous?

A

With chronic high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder to overcome the resistance and the blood vessels have to withstand more pressure

146
Q

What are the different types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoid
147
Q

What is the role of of ADH?
which organ secretes it?
what’s another name for it?

A

When the hypothalamus senses a drop in blood pressure/blood volume via baroreceptors, it will release the ADH from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH/vasopressin will trigger the creation of more aquaporins in the collecting duct to reabsorb more water. It also will vasoconstrict the blood vessels. RAISE BP

148
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

A cell has two sets of chromosomes

149
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution with a high concentration of solutes

150
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Elastic
-dense
- can see elastic fibers surrounding

151
Q

What happens to an enzyme if subjected to above optimal temperature? Can it be salvaged?

A

It would stop working, the bonds in the enzyme would break. Not salvageable

152
Q

How is taste transduced?

A

Food chemicals are broken down my saliva and then they diffuse through taste pores, then bind to gustatory cells. Then they depolarize and send the signal to brain.

153
Q

What does angiotensin II do?
Which organ secretes/makes it?

A

Angiotensin II works to constrict the arterial blood vessels to raise BP and stimulates the reabsorption to of Na+ and Cl-.
It also stimulates aldosterone release.
After renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, ACE from the lungs converts it into angiotensin II.
the liver makes the OG form of angiotensin

154
Q

What does Renin do?
Which organ secrets it?

A

Activates angiotensin to ultimately raise BP
- kidney

155
Q

What is an example of a flat bone and why is it considered a flat bone?

A

Ex. Rib, sternum, skull bones, scapula, pelvic bones, nasal bones
-thin, flattened, and usually curved
- sesamoid bones = sesame seed
-patella

156
Q

What is an example of a irregular bone and why is it considered a irregular bone?

A

Ex. vertebrae, hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, maxilla, mandible, ethmoid, etc.
- have various shapes and do not fit into other categories.

157
Q

What is the name for the active form of Vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

158
Q

What are ways the can help alter muscle contraction strength?

A
  1. Recruitment (smaller, medium, larger motor units)
  2. Increased firing frequency
159
Q

What is the otic on the human body?

A

Ear

160
Q

Most sensory neurons are ___polar
Most motor neurons are ___polar
Most interneurons are ___polar

A

uni
multi
multi

161
Q

What type of connective tissue proper is this?

A

Loose reticular
-Reticular fibers
-hold blood in organs

162
Q

What is the difference between the ganglia in parasympathetic and sympathetic systems?

A

The ganglia in sympathetic nerves are closer to the spine so: preganglionic < postganglionic (faster)
The ganglia in the parasympathetic nerves are closer to effector organs so: preganglionic > postganglionic (more specific)

163
Q

What are acid-fast stains targeting in specimen’s cells?

A

The presence of mycolic acid, a waxy material in the cell walls. This mycolic acid does not become decolorized after acid-alcohol.

164
Q

What are the steps for a reflex arc?

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Sensory neurons
  4. integration center in CNS (spinal or brain)
  5. motor neuron
  6. effector
165
Q

What are the two photoreceptors? Functions?

A

Rods - peripheral and grayscale
Cones - fine detail, color( blue, green, red)

166
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns:
1. Peptidoglycan
2. flagellin
3. lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
4. lipopeptides
5. viral DNA or RNA

167
Q

What is amplitude?
In sound?
In light?

A

Height of the wave.
1. Higher > loud
2. Higher> brightness

168
Q

What does a weak stimulus vs a strong stimulus translate regarding action potentials?

A

weak = less frequency of stimulus
strong = more frequency of stimulus

169
Q

This sub-atomic particle has no charge and contributes to atomic mass.

A

Neutron

170
Q

What type of connective tissue proper is this?

A

Dense regular
-stacked collagen
- resist tension one direction

171
Q

This neuroglia helps regulate growth, aids in the blood brain barrier, aids in learning and memory, and maintains the cellular environment.

A

Astrocytes

172
Q

What are joints?

A

Meeting between bones

173
Q

This neuroglia aids in structural support, regulating neural cell bodies, and regulating interstitial fluid exchange. It is similar to the astrocytes in the CNS.

A

Satellite cells

174
Q

What are the layers of the blood vessels? Inner -outer

A
  1. Lumen
  2. Tunica intima- endothelium
  3. Tunica media - smooth muscle + elastin —> constriction/dilation
  4. Tunica externa
175
Q

what are interferons?

A

cytokines released to inhibit infected host cells viral replication and induce apoptosis

176
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands and their products?

A
  1. Eccrine
    - most common; produce watery sweat
  2. Apocrine (mammary, ceruminous)
    - only 2,000; develop during puberty
    -produce mixture with fats
    Bacteria eat fats-> body odor
177
Q

Extension means ___

A

Increases angle between two bones

178
Q

What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue proper?

A

Loose contains fewer fibers, more cells, and more of the ground substance
Dense contains more fibers to help withstand more tension and torsion.

179
Q

what type of WBC respond to allergic reactions and release histamine?

A

basophils

180
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia found in the CNS?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Ependymal cells
  4. Microglial cells
181
Q

what is the purpose of having rigid cartilage in the trachea?

A

to preven the collapse of the airway

182
Q

What is the sig fig rules for multiplying?

A

Use as many sig figs as the least accurate number.

183
Q

What is the crural on the human body?

A

Shin

184
Q

What is the role of mast cells in allergic reactions?

A
  • they are similar to basophils in increasing inflammation but they can also leave the blood vessels.
    -kill infected cells
185
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Just above letter E

186
Q

Which hormones affect blood calcium levels? Raise/ lower

A

Calcitonin (Thyroid): responds to high Ca2+ and stimulates osteoblasts
Parathyroid: responds to low Ca2+ and stimulates osteoclasts

187
Q

What type of connective tissue proper is this?

A

Dense irregular
- irregular collage
- resist tension in multiple directions

188
Q

This cell is irreplaceable, amitotic, live forever, and are a huge consumer of energy

A

Neurons

189
Q

What are some cells found in the epidermis? and their functions?

A
  1. Keratinocytes - produce skin layer
  2. Melanocytes - provide skin pigment
  3. Langerhan/ dendritic cells - provide immunity
  4. Merkel cells - provide tactile sensation
190
Q

What happens in type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

IgG or IgM combine with the antigen and will activate the complement system to destroy.
Cell lysis and macrophage damage will occur
ABO blood system

191
Q

Veins have very little pressure in them, how do they keep this one direction system flowing?

A

Skeletal muscles and valves keep the system going one way.

192
Q

this type of receptor is an ion channel that binds to directly to the neurotransmitter

A

ionotropic receptors

193
Q

Enzymes can denature at very low and very high pH. T/F

A

true

194
Q

what does MHC I mean?

A

-All body cells have this antigen class. -It is the passport/driver’s license of the cells
- self antigen

195
Q

What type of connective tissue proper is this?

A

Loose adipose
- lipid storage

196
Q

What does aldosterone do?
which organ secretes it?

A

Aldosterone works to reabsorb more Na+ ( more salt more water retention = higher BP)

197
Q

what type of WBC respond to parasites

A

eosinophils

198
Q

What kind of neuron is #1?

A

Unipolar

199
Q

What receptor site does CD4+ cells bind to?

A

MHC II

200
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

An immune disorder in which hyperthyroidism occurs
- immune antibodies act as pituitary gland’s Thyroid-stimulating hormone

201
Q

what is a isotonic solution?

A

a solution with an equal concentration of solutes

202
Q

What color do gram + bacteria stain?

A

Purple

203
Q

What is the acromial on the human body?

A

Shoulder

204
Q

periods of muscle twitch

A
  1. latent
  2. contraction
  3. relaxation
205
Q

What happens in ventricular systole?

A

The semilunar valves open and the ventricles pump blood out to either the lungs or the systemic blood

206
Q

What makes epithelial tissue polar?

A

It has an apical side ( the layer closest to the exterior) and a basal side ( the layer attached to the deeper layer)

207
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

to electrically protect the axon
to increase speed of neural impulses

208
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

They protect the host tissue from the T cells.
- if not developed properly= autoimmune diseases

209
Q

is antigenic drift or shift more dangerous? why?

A

shift is a genetic change, a different genome, causes pandemics
drift is small changes in the surface proteins

210
Q

What is the gray matter composed of in the nervous system?

A

Neuron cell bodies

211
Q

what is equation in blood that involves CO2 and bicarbonate? How is more or less CO2 affect the pH of blood?

A

CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> H+ and HCO3-
more CO2 drives the reaction right creating more H+ and lower pH
less CO2 drives reaction left creating less H+ and higher pH

212
Q

How does epinephrine counteract Anaphylaxis?

A
  • constricts blood vessels= BP raises
  • relaxes smooth muscle = dilate airway
  • decreased histamine
213
Q

what type of cell junction allows movement of water and ions extracellularly, it flow in the space around the cells?
- it had filaments that connect cells by their cytoskeletons

A

desmosomes
- skin

214
Q

Life cycle of HIV?

A
  1. human is infected with HIV
  2. virus travels to lymphoid organs and encounters the activated T cells.
  3. gp120 binds to CD4+ receptor
  4. HIV fuses and enters the cell
  5. HIV integrates with host DNA
  6. HIV hides in the host DNA and the T cells
  7. T helper cells steadily decline throughout the virus.
215
Q

this type of receptor is a protein that binds to the neurotransmitter

A

metabotropic receptors

216
Q

What happens when a person has Broca’s aphasia?

A

They are able to understand speech but cannot produce speech.
(Broca’s broke you no spoke)
- however singing uses a different area of the brain

217
Q

What are some functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Synthesize vitamin D
  2. Provide sensation
  3. Protect inner layers
  4. Thermal regulation
218
Q

what are the different types of vaccines?

A
  1. Live attenuated
  2. inactivated
  3. Subunit
  4. Toxoid
  5. Conjugated
  6. Nucleic acid
219
Q

What type of cells are immature and help secrete ground substance in connective tissue?

A

Cells that have the suffix -blast.
osteoblast, chondroblast

220
Q

There are two different types of synapses. What are they? Their differences and functions?

A

Electrical: immediate and broad signaling; contains gap junctions; communicates with all neighboring cells. Only transmits electrical signal ( no neurotransmitters used)
Chemical: Controlled, specific, but slower. Converts electrical to chemical and then back to electrical
- can alter the signal received: amplify or inhibit.

221
Q

How does an action potential work?
What are the steps?

A
  1. A stimulus depolarizes the cell to at least -55mv
  2. After the threshold is met, the Na ion channels open and let Na+ into the cell, the cell goes from -55mv to +40mv and depolarize
  3. The K+ channel pumps out K+ to repolarize the cell
222
Q

What kind of neuron is #4?

A

Pseudounipolar

223
Q

How many chromosomes do diploid cells have?

A

46 chromsomes total

224
Q

How is hearing transduced?

A

The pinna catches the sound directs it into the external acoustic meatus. The sound waves hit the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane vibrates against the auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, and the stapes (which amplify the sound). The stapes meets the oval window. The vibrations move the fluid within the cochlea. The fluid moving causes hair cells to move and their mechanically gated channels open accordingly, causing depolarization and a signal sent to the brain.

225
Q

what is the primary immune response to a pathogen?

A

inflammation for general pathogens
1. redness
2. pain
3. heat
4. swelling

226
Q

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. unipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. multipolar
227
Q

What is the dorsum on the human body?

A

Back of hand

228
Q

Why is it that hormones are able to target specific cells in the body?
Why don’t they affect all cells?

A

Receptors.
target cells have receptors for these hormones

229
Q

What is the layer of the meninges from outer to inner?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
CSF
Pia mater

230
Q

How does the surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Increased surface area = increased rate of diffusion

231
Q

What is Nautral Killer cells’ role in immune response?

A

They will detect an abnormal MHC I on cancer cells and infected cells. They activate to kill the abnormal cell

232
Q

What parts of the phospholipid layer is hydrophobic? Hydrophilic? Polar? Non-polar?

A

Heads: polar, hydrophilic
Tails: non-polar, hydrophobic
Makes sense: heads cannot repel water (blood, intracellular fluid)

233
Q

What type of fiber is this?

A

Dark strands are reticular fibers

234
Q

What is white matter composed of in the nervous system?

A

Myelinated axons

235
Q

What is the path that sperm take to outside world from creation?

A

Seminiferous tubules> epididymis (site of storage) > vas deferens> ejaculatory duct> (n) > urethra > penis
SEVEnUP

236
Q

What are four types of immunity and their examples?

A
  1. Natural active
    - previous wild infection
  2. Natural passive
    - from mother (breastmilk, placenta)
  3. Artificial active
    - vaccines
  4. Artificial passive
    - donation of antibodies
237
Q

what type of WBC kills intracellular pathogens and abnormal MCH I antigens? Innate

A

NK cells

238
Q

what is an action potential?

A

a change in membrane potential that reverses the potential and will restore back to resting potential

239
Q

Why is water such a great solvent? **molecular structure

A

Water has polar covalent bonds. The oxygen is negative and the hydrogens are positive. So solutes are surrounded by the opposing charges of water molecules

240
Q

Thus sub-atomic particle has a negative charge and does not contribute to atomic mass.

A

Electron

241
Q

What kind of ion channels do nociceptors have that transmit signal?

A

Ligand gated and mechanically gated channels.

242
Q

What is the electrical conduction of the heart?

A
  1. SA
  2. AV
  3. AV bundle
  4. right/left ventricle
  5. Purkinje fibers
243
Q

How can vaccines be modified to stimulate an immune response to a hapten?

A

By adding a carrier molecule to the hapten

244
Q

what are the different types of ion channels?

A
  1. leakage channels
  2. ligand-gated channels
  3. mechanically gated channels
  4. voltage-gated channels
245
Q

What part of the brain monitors CO2 and pH levels of the blood?

A

Medulla oblongata and the pons

246
Q

Name the eye structure that is associated with these functions:
1. Constricts and dilates to regulate light entering
2. Focuses light to retina
3. Controls another eye part to regulate light entering; and it is colored

A
  1. Pupil
  2. Cornea and lens
  3. Iris
247
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water molecules splitting a bond from a large reactant to create smaller products.

248
Q

What type of connective tissue proper is this?

A

Dense elastic
- help with movements

249
Q

what type of WBC can kill extracellular pathogens as part of the innate response?

A

dendritic cells

250
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule acted upon by an enzyme

251
Q

A lung has two lobe on it, which lung is it?

A

Left; has less lobes than right because it has a notch that accommodates for the heart.

252
Q

What are the APCs in the body?

A

-macrophages
- dendritic cells
- b-cells

253
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A
  1. FSH
  2. LH
  3. Adrenocotropic hormone
  4. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  5. Prolactin
  6. Endophorins
  7. Growth hormone
254
Q

Where does majority of nutrient absorption take place?
- what about protein, carbs, fats
- what about vit b12 and vit k

A
255
Q

What hormones does the thyroid produce?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

256
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Increased concentration gradient = increased rate of diffusion.

257
Q

What makes up myofibrils?

A

Sarcomeres

258
Q

What is a cation?

A

a positively charged ion

259
Q

Structural classifications of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilage
  3. Synovial
260
Q

what is a graded potential?

A

a small change in the membrane potential making it slightly more or less polarized.

261
Q

What does anosmia mean?

A

Partial/full inability to smell

262
Q

What is 12000 with 3 sig figs?

A

1.20 x 10^4

263
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

one motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates

264
Q

Why are pacemaker cells throughout the heart different in their pacing?
SA: 60-100 bpm
AV: 40-60 bpm
Purkinje: 20-40 bpm

A

The leaky sodium channels are more leaky (allow more Na in) in the SA vs purkinje fibers

265
Q

Gustation and olfaction are transduced by ____receptors.

A

Chemoreceptors

266
Q

What happens in type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

IgG and IgM form an immune complex that lodges in the base membrane
activates complement = inflammation

267
Q

What is found in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Fibers
glands
hair follicles

268
Q

Neurotransmitters come in two flavors that help alter the signal:

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP): more positive = closer to the threshold for depolarization
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP): more negative = further from threshold, hyper-polarizes.

269
Q

List the four types of hypersensitivity reactions:

A

Type 1: Anaphylatic
Type 2: Cytotoxic
Type 3: Immune Complex
Type 4: Delayed Cell-mediated

270
Q

The resting cell membrane is -70mv. How is the body able to keep this membrane at -70mv and what allows an action potential to occur?

A

The cell membrane separates ions and large molecules from flowing freely. Inside the cell, there are lots of negatively charged proteins and K+ ions creating an overall negative charge. Outside of the cell, there are lots of Na+ to make an overall positive charge. The 3Na+/2K+ pump continuously puts 3Na+ out and 2K+ in the cell. The cell membrane has voltage gated ion channels that allow Na+ to enter the cell and depolarize once it hits a threshold (-55mv).

271
Q

How do capillaries aid in thermoregulation?

A

Blood can bypass the capillary bed to conserve heat by not being exposed to as much cold
Blood can also flood the capillary bed to disperse as much heat as possible

272
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A
  1. Fibrous layer ( connective tissue)
    - sclera, cornea
  2. Vascular layer (blood)
    - choroid, ciliary body, iris, pupil
  3. Neural layer (retina)
    photoreceptors: cones and rods
273
Q

This neuroglia produces the myelin sheath and does not aid in neuron regeneration

A

Oligodendrocytes

274
Q

What are the different types of cartilage? and their qualities?

A
  1. Hyaline - most common
  2. Elastic - elastic fibers
  3. Fibro - shock absorbers
275
Q

what does MHC II mean?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells use this class receptor to present foreign antigens.

276
Q

what happens to the cell placed in a hypertonic solution ?

A

the cell shrinks as the water moves out of the cell to the high concentration of solutes

277
Q

What are some mechanism of antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. inactivate the drug or destroying it
  2. preventing the ingestion of the drug
  3. rapid efflux of the drug
  4. modify the drug’s target site
  5. inactivating B-lactamase
278
Q

What are the three ways that the body will do in the short period to alter BP?

A
  1. Neural: lower HR and vasodilatation(lower BP) by signaling of baroreceptors which have mechanically gated channels opening during high BP
  2. Hormones: Norepinephrine to vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  3. Kidneys: water retention
279
Q

What is the sig fig rules for adding/subtraction two numbers?

A
  1. Only the numbers after the decimal point is important.
  2. Numbers with the fewest numbers after the decimal point decides the amount of sig figs
280
Q

What is the cerebellum specialized for?

A

Coordination

281
Q

_____ is when substances are transported with the aid of a channel and ATP against their concentration gradient.

A

Active transportation

282
Q

In the sympathetic system:
1. What neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic neuron to the postganglionic neuron?
2. What neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic neuron to the effector organ?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Norepinephrine (always)
283
Q

What does meiosis end with?

A

Four non-identical haploid cells.

284
Q

What receptors perceive which sensations?
1. Thermoreceptors
2. Photoreceptors
3. Chemoreceptors
4. Mechanoreceptors
5. Nociceptors

A
  1. temperature
  2. light
  3. chemicals
  4. pressure, touch, vibration
  5. pain
285
Q

What receptor site does CD8+ cells bind to?

A

MHC I

286
Q

What are the four classifications of bones?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat (also includes sesamoid)
  4. Irregular
287
Q

What type of connective tissue proper is this?

A

Loose areolar
-open space
-most common
- just under most epithelia

288
Q

What is Marfan Syndrome?

A

A genetic disorder in which the connective tissue gradually weakens.

289
Q

what defines a compound as a base?

A

it receives a proton (H+)

290
Q

name the three receptors classified based on location

A

1) exteroreceptors
2) interoreceptors
3) proprioreceptors

291
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

decreases surface tension of the lungs –> prevent lungs from collapsing

292
Q

How does the brain develop (from start to finish)?

A
  1. Neural tube
  2. three sections:
    - prosencephalon (fore brain)
    - mesencephalon (mid brain)
    - rhombencephalon (hind brain)
  3. five sections
    -telencephalon
    -diencephalon
    -mesencephalon
    - metencephalon
    - myelencephalon
  4. Fully developed:
    - cerebral hemispheres
    - diencephalon
    - brainstem
    - cerebellum
293
Q

What kind of neuron is #3?

A

Multipolar

294
Q

What is the inguinal on the human body?

A

Groin

295
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

A cell has one set of chromosomes
-gametes (sperm and eggs)

296
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

letter E

297
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same element but has different atomic masses.

298
Q

This neuroglia produces the cerebral spinal fluid for the CNS

A

ependymal cells

299
Q

What are intensive properties?

A

Physical properties that are usually specific to a molecule, they are not dependent on the amount of matter: density, boiling points

300
Q

What are extensive properties?

A

Physical properties that are dependent of the amount of matter: mass, volume, length, area….

301
Q

What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion?

A

Adhesion: interaction between molecules and surface
Cohesion: intermolecular interactions

302
Q

What is the difference between grey and white matter in CNS?

A

grey: cell body + axon terminal (actual synapses)
white: axon (highway for signal)

TEAS review (18 decks)

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