SCIENCE Flashcards
The circulating fluid is the blood
★ Cycle:
heart - artery - capillaries - cells, tissues - capillaries - veins - back
to heart.
The circulating fluid is the hemolymph
★ Cycle:
heart - arterial system - cells, tissues - sinuses (body spaces) - back
to the heart via diffusion
- Responsible for transporting oxygen
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Fight foreign invaders in the body.
Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Aid in blood clotting.
Thrombocytes (platelets)
The fluid component of the blood, it is composed of water,
proteins, and other solutes
Plasma
Carry blood away from the heart
artery
carry blood from the heart
veins
site of gas exchange
capillaries
The parts of the heart can be grouped into three —
the chambers, the vessels, and the
valves.
Two atria and two ventricles - left atrium and left ventricle, receive oxygenated
Chambers
the biggest artery
Aorta
- largest veins
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
carry blood away from the heart
Pulmonary arteries
carry blood toward the heart
Pulmonary veins
Four valves are present in the heart - they prevent backflow of the blood
★ Mitral valve
★ Tricuspid valve
★ Pulmonary valve
★ Aortic valve
- Characterized by random swelling in any arterial wall but usually in the aorta.
- It’s undetected until the swelling bursts or blocks the blood flow.
- treatment for this is prescription drugs, and surgeries to avoid rupture and repair
arteries.
Aneurysm
- Fats, cholesterol, cellular debris, calcium, and other substances build up in the wall of
an artery. - Depends on which artery is affected
● Carotid artery - weakness, breathing difficulty, headache, facial numbness, and
paralysis.
● Coronary artery - vomiting, anxiety, chest pain, and coughing
● Renal artery - loss of appetite, hand and feet swelling, and difficulty
concentrating. - treatment includes changes in lifestyle, different medications, and surgery
Atherosclerosis
- It involves heart defects from birth. It can be defects in the walls of the heart, heart
valves, and blood vessels near the heart. - Severe defects in newborns include rapid breathing, cyanosis, fatigue, and poor blood
circulation. - treatments involve the intake of medicines, catheter procedures, surgical procedures,
and heart transplants
Congenital Heart defects
- Also known as high blood pressure. The force of blood against the arterial walls.
Hypertension
- If an individual lacks clotting proteins. Hence, his or her blood doesn’t normally clot.
- Symptoms are excessive bleeding(when injured, after dental surgery, or dental work),
deep bruises, blood in urine, and unusual bleeding after vaccinations. - Depending on the severity, it can be treated with prescription hormones, clotting
factor infusion of blood, or plasma infusion.
Hemophilia
- wherein food is broken down in the cells with the help of oxygen to release
energy.
respiratory
Characterized by a damaged vessel supplying blood to the heart.
Coronary Heart disease
respiratory gasses are obtained and expelled through inhalation and
exhalation, respectively.
Breathing
- the physical process of inhalation and exhalation wherein oxygen is
obtained and carbon dioxide is expelled.
breathing
Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli of the lungs and
blood.
External respiration
the blood transports the oxygen from the alveoli
to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the alveoli.
Transport of respiratory gases
gas exchange occurs between the blood and cells.
Internal respiration
first entry of the inhaled air.
nose
lined with mucus that traps microorganisms and other debris
in the inhaled air.
Vestibule region
like structure in your nose.
Cilia - tiny hair
warms inhaled air so that its temperature comes close to
the normal body temperature (37)
Respiratory region -
also known as the throat, common chamber for inhaled air and ingested
food.
the pharynx
- whenever bolus goes down the esophagus it lowers down, closing the
windpipe.
Epiglottis
it is open when a person is breathing.
Larynx
also known as windpipe. It is surrounded by hyaline cartilage that gives
strength and flexibility to the tracheal muscles.
Trachea
are branches of the trachea which is the entry point of the air
to the lungs
Bronchi and bronchioles
Site of gas exchange
Alveoli
these are wrapped DNA molecules
Chromosomes
● airways became narrow, and swelling was evident.
● Symptoms include difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of
breath.
● Treatments are breathing exercises, rescue or first aid treatments, and long-term
medications
Asthma
- is the functional unit of heredity
Gene
● The alveoli in one or both lungs are inflamed and filled with fluid or pus.
● Symptoms are chest pain, cough, nausea, shortness of breath, and headache.
● Treatments are antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal. It also depends on the
severity of the pneumonia.
Pneumonia
● Airflow from the lungs is obstructed
● Difficulty in breathing, mucus production, wheezing
● Treatments are muscle relaxation to widen airways. Bullectomy is a kind of
surgery that removes abnormal air spaces.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
● Abnormal growth of lung cells
● Coughing blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, and hoarseness
● Visit an oncologist (doctor of cancer) for proper advice.
Lung cancer
DNA is wrapped in proteins
histones
Austrian monk, who discord inheritance through his experiments with
pea plants. He is also known as the father of Genetics.
Gregor Mendel
States that when a purebred or homozygous dominant trait is
crossed with the recessive trait,
Law of Dominance
Hydrogen bonds
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C )
which states that adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine
always pairs with guanine (C-G).
Chargaff rule
DNA cells
23 pairs
is when the homozygous dominant trait is crossed with
a recessive trait, the result would be the expression of a trait in between the
dominant and recessive traits.
Incomplete dominance
Parts of the DNA
- Deoxyribose
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen bases
is an alternative form of gene.
allele
the place where the allele is located.
locus
two different traits that are present in an individual.
codominance
characteristics that are determined by genes located on the
sex chromosomes.
Sex-linked traits
the many different versions of a trait that exist within a
population.
Multiple Alleles
the last identified individual of species has been extinguished or no longer
exists permanently.
extinction
means that a catastrophic event has decimated life on Earth.
Mass extinction
The first mass extinction 440 million years ago
Ordovician extinction
happened in 360 MYA. An algal bloom was the reason for
extinction.
Devonian extinction
happened in 252 MYA. This mass extinction is considered the
deadliest because 96% of life back then was lost
Permian extinction
happened 201 MYA. One theory suggests that tons of CO²
were in the atmosphere due to volcanic eruptions.
Triassic extinction
happened in 66 MYA. According to theories an asteroid
hit Earth in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and wiped out all dinosaurs along
with roughly 60% of all life on Earth.
Cretaceous extinction
