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first quarterly examination G9 > SCIENCE > Flashcards

SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

The circulating fluid is the blood
★ Cycle:

A

heart - artery - capillaries - cells, tissues - capillaries - veins - back
to heart.

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2
Q

The circulating fluid is the hemolymph
★ Cycle:

A

heart - arterial system - cells, tissues - sinuses (body spaces) - back
to the heart via diffusion

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3
Q
  • Responsible for transporting oxygen
A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

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4
Q
  • Fight foreign invaders in the body.
A

Leukocytes (WBCs)

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5
Q
  • Aid in blood clotting.
A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

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6
Q

The fluid component of the blood, it is composed of water,
proteins, and other solutes

A

Plasma

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7
Q

Carry blood away from the heart

A

artery

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8
Q

carry blood from the heart

A

veins

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9
Q

site of gas exchange

A

capillaries

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10
Q

The parts of the heart can be grouped into three —

A

the chambers, the vessels, and the
valves.

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11
Q

Two atria and two ventricles - left atrium and left ventricle, receive oxygenated

A

Chambers

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12
Q

the biggest artery

A

Aorta

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13
Q
  • largest veins
A

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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14
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

Pulmonary arteries

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15
Q

carry blood toward the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

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16
Q

Four valves are present in the heart - they prevent backflow of the blood

A

★ Mitral valve
★ Tricuspid valve
★ Pulmonary valve
★ Aortic valve

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17
Q
  • Characterized by random swelling in any arterial wall but usually in the aorta.
  • It’s undetected until the swelling bursts or blocks the blood flow.
  • treatment for this is prescription drugs, and surgeries to avoid rupture and repair
    arteries.
A

Aneurysm

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18
Q
  • Fats, cholesterol, cellular debris, calcium, and other substances build up in the wall of
    an artery.
  • Depends on which artery is affected
    ● Carotid artery - weakness, breathing difficulty, headache, facial numbness, and
    paralysis.
    ● Coronary artery - vomiting, anxiety, chest pain, and coughing
    ● Renal artery - loss of appetite, hand and feet swelling, and difficulty
    concentrating.
  • treatment includes changes in lifestyle, different medications, and surgery
A

Atherosclerosis

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19
Q
  • It involves heart defects from birth. It can be defects in the walls of the heart, heart
    valves, and blood vessels near the heart.
  • Severe defects in newborns include rapid breathing, cyanosis, fatigue, and poor blood
    circulation.
  • treatments involve the intake of medicines, catheter procedures, surgical procedures,
    and heart transplants
A

Congenital Heart defects

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20
Q
  • Also known as high blood pressure. The force of blood against the arterial walls.
A

Hypertension

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21
Q
  • If an individual lacks clotting proteins. Hence, his or her blood doesn’t normally clot.
  • Symptoms are excessive bleeding(when injured, after dental surgery, or dental work),
    deep bruises, blood in urine, and unusual bleeding after vaccinations.
  • Depending on the severity, it can be treated with prescription hormones, clotting
    factor infusion of blood, or plasma infusion.
A

Hemophilia

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22
Q
  • wherein food is broken down in the cells with the help of oxygen to release
    energy.
A

respiratory

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22
Q

Characterized by a damaged vessel supplying blood to the heart.

A

Coronary Heart disease

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23
Q

respiratory gasses are obtained and expelled through inhalation and
exhalation, respectively.

A

Breathing

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23
Q
  • the physical process of inhalation and exhalation wherein oxygen is
    obtained and carbon dioxide is expelled.
A

breathing

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23
Q

Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli of the lungs and
blood.

A

External respiration

23
Q

the blood transports the oxygen from the alveoli
to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the alveoli.

A

Transport of respiratory gases

23
Q

gas exchange occurs between the blood and cells.

A

Internal respiration

23
Q

first entry of the inhaled air.

A

nose

23
Q

lined with mucus that traps microorganisms and other debris
in the inhaled air.

A

Vestibule region

23
Q

like structure in your nose.

A

Cilia - tiny hair

24
Q

warms inhaled air so that its temperature comes close to
the normal body temperature (37)

A

Respiratory region -

25
Q

also known as the throat, common chamber for inhaled air and ingested
food.

A

the pharynx

26
Q
  • whenever bolus goes down the esophagus it lowers down, closing the
    windpipe.
A

Epiglottis

26
Q

it is open when a person is breathing.

A

Larynx

27
Q

also known as windpipe. It is surrounded by hyaline cartilage that gives
strength and flexibility to the tracheal muscles.

A

Trachea

28
Q

are branches of the trachea which is the entry point of the air
to the lungs

A

Bronchi and bronchioles

28
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

28
Q

these are wrapped DNA molecules

A

Chromosomes

29
Q

● airways became narrow, and swelling was evident.
● Symptoms include difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of
breath.
● Treatments are breathing exercises, rescue or first aid treatments, and long-term
medications

A

Asthma

30
Q
  • is the functional unit of heredity
A

Gene

30
Q

● The alveoli in one or both lungs are inflamed and filled with fluid or pus.
● Symptoms are chest pain, cough, nausea, shortness of breath, and headache.
● Treatments are antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal. It also depends on the
severity of the pneumonia.

A

Pneumonia

30
Q

● Airflow from the lungs is obstructed
● Difficulty in breathing, mucus production, wheezing
● Treatments are muscle relaxation to widen airways. Bullectomy is a kind of
surgery that removes abnormal air spaces.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

30
Q

● Abnormal growth of lung cells
● Coughing blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, and hoarseness
● Visit an oncologist (doctor of cancer) for proper advice.

A

Lung cancer

31
Q

DNA is wrapped in proteins

A

histones

32
Q

Austrian monk, who discord inheritance through his experiments with
pea plants. He is also known as the father of Genetics.

A

Gregor Mendel

32
Q

States that when a purebred or homozygous dominant trait is
crossed with the recessive trait,

A

Law of Dominance

32
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C )
33
Q

which states that adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine
always pairs with guanine (C-G).

A

Chargaff rule

34
Q

DNA cells

A

23 pairs

35
Q

is when the homozygous dominant trait is crossed with
a recessive trait, the result would be the expression of a trait in between the
dominant and recessive traits.

A

Incomplete dominance

35
Q

Parts of the DNA

A
  • Deoxyribose
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogen bases
36
Q

is an alternative form of gene.

A

allele

37
Q

the place where the allele is located.

A

locus

38
Q

two different traits that are present in an individual.

A

codominance

39
Q

characteristics that are determined by genes located on the
sex chromosomes.

A

Sex-linked traits

40
Q

the many different versions of a trait that exist within a
population.

A

Multiple Alleles

41
Q

the last identified individual of species has been extinguished or no longer
exists permanently.

A

extinction

42
Q

means that a catastrophic event has decimated life on Earth.

A

Mass extinction

43
Q

The first mass extinction 440 million years ago

A

Ordovician extinction

44
Q

happened in 360 MYA. An algal bloom was the reason for
extinction.

A

Devonian extinction

45
Q

happened in 252 MYA. This mass extinction is considered the
deadliest because 96% of life back then was lost

A

Permian extinction

46
Q

happened 201 MYA. One theory suggests that tons of CO²
were in the atmosphere due to volcanic eruptions.

A

Triassic extinction

47
Q

happened in 66 MYA. According to theories an asteroid
hit Earth in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and wiped out all dinosaurs along
with roughly 60% of all life on Earth.

A

Cretaceous extinction

first quarterly examination G9 (8 decks)

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