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Study Y11 > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

Organise these from largest to smallest
DNA, Nucleus, Chromosome, Cell, Organism

A

Organism, Cell, Nucleus, Chromosome, DNA

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2
Q

Where does a cell get the information to produce a human?

A

Inside the DNA

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3
Q

Where is the DNA?

A

In the chromosome, which is in the nucleus

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4
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

It controls the activities of the cell. It holds the chromosomes

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5
Q

Homologous Pair

A

A pair of chromosomes that hold the same information. They are not necessarily identical.

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6
Q

How many chromosomes are there in total in a human, and how many are from each parent?

A

46 total, 23 from each

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7
Q

Adenine binds with…

A

Thymine

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8
Q

Thymine binds with…

A

Adenine

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9
Q

Cytosine binds with…

A

Guanine

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10
Q

Guanine binds with…

A

Cytosine

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11
Q

What are A,T,C, and G collectively called?

A

Bases

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12
Q

What is the name of the rule which states that A always bonds with T, and C always bonds with G?

A

Complementary base pairing rule

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13
Q

Name the parts of a Nucleotide

A

Pentose Sugar (pentagon), Phosphate Group (circle), base

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14
Q

What is a group of three bases called?

A

A triplet

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15
Q

What do triplets code for?

A

Different amino acids

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16
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds forming a long chain, which then folds into a protein.

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17
Q

Name 4 important proteins

A

Keratin (skin, hair, nails, etc)
Collagen (ligaments, tendons, muscles and bones)
Elastin (ensures your body resumes its shape after moving)
Haemoglobin (transports oxygen in your blood)

As well as numerous hormones and antibodies

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18
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

They are the building blocks of the body and do a lot of important things

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19
Q

Describe the relationship between a triplet and an amino acid

A

A triplet gives the code for an amino acid

20
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

The genetic code for making proteins

21
Q

DNA contains the instructions for linking ___.

A

Amino acids

22
Q

What do amino acids bond together to make?

A

proteins

23
Q

What is the difference between DNA and a gene?

A

DNA is what carries the gene, which gives characteristics for lifeforms

24
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that carries the code for making a specific protein

25
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative versions of genes (e.g blue eyed is one, brown eyed is another)

26
Q

Describe the difference between a gene and an allele

A

A gene is what you inherit, and the alleles are the different options that it can be

27
Q

Why do alleles occur in pairs?

A

One is from each parent so there are two

28
Q

Draw the stages of mitosis

A

See picture on phone, or page 13 of SciPad

29
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process that a cell goes through when it divides to form two new cells

30
Q

What are the purposes of mitosis?

A

Growth, repair, replace

31
Q

What process allows an organism to transform from a single cell to a whole human?

A

Mitosis

32
Q

What are the only two cells in the body where mitosis does not occur?

A

The gametes (sperm and ova)

33
Q

Gametes

A

Sperm and ova

34
Q

How similar is the newly made cell following mitosis?

A

It is functionally and genetically identical

35
Q

How many daughter cells are formed by mitosis?

A

Two genetically and functionally identical daughter cells

36
Q

What are the parts of a chromosome

A

It is made up of two chromatids held together by a centromere
)-(

37
Q

What happens in the first stage of mitosis?

A

The DNA replicates and condenses into chromosomes

38
Q

What are the chromosomes in a cell doing before mitosis occurs?

A

They are not visible as they are being used to make proteins

39
Q

What happens in the second stage of mitosis?

A

The DNA is now condensed into chromosomes. The nuclear membrane disappears.

40
Q

What happens in the third stage of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes line up at the cell equator, and a network of fibers form across the cell to control the division

41
Q

What happens in the fourth stage of mitosis?

A

Chromatids are pulled apart by the network of fibers, and move towards the poles

42
Q

What happens in the fifth stage of mitosis?

A

The fibre network retracts and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to uncoil.

43
Q

What happens in the sixth stage of mitosis?

A

Two identical daughter cells are produced, each with an identical copy of the original chromosomes

44
Q

Discontinuous Variation

A

Characteristics where there are certain things that it can be with nothing in between. There are a number of distinct classes.

45
Q

Continuous Variation

A

There is a complete range of measurements from one extreme to the other, and the answer could be anywhere between them.

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