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Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Gas

A

Far apart,Dont touch
freely any direction

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2
Q

Liquid

A

still touching,some gaps,arranged randomly
can move over each other

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3
Q

Solid

A

touching closely packed,squashed(REGULAR ARRANGEMENT)
vibrate only,fixed position

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4
Q

What are state changes

A

physical+chemical properties DONT change

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5
Q

solid->liquid
liquid->gas
gas->liquid
liquid->solid
gas->solid
solid->gas

A

melting
evaporation
condensing
freezing
deposition
sublimation

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6
Q

element

A

1 type of atom

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7
Q

compound

A

more than 1 type of atom/element CHEMICALLY joined

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8
Q

Mixture

A

More than 1 element/compound NOT chemically joined

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9
Q

Which ones are pure and which isnt?

A

element+compound=pure (fixed melting point)
mixture=doesnt have fixed melting point

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10
Q

Characteristics of mixture

A

1.Doesn’t have fixed melting point but its a RANGE
2.mixtures don’t have fixed composition
3.physical properties are the same throughout the mixture

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11
Q

filtration

A

filter paper
funnel
conical flask
filtrate+residue
used for insoluble solid+liquid

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12
Q

crystallisation

A

beaker of water
evaporating disk
gauze
tripod
bunsen burner(heat)
used for soluble solid + liquid

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13
Q

Chromatography

A

solvent (e.g water)-mobile phase
paper-stationary phase
the best at dissolving go higher up the paper

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14
Q

retention factor

A

distance travelled/total distance for solvent

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15
Q

distilation

A

thermometer ,tripod, bunsen burner, clamp stand, beakers
water heated by burner+pure water is evaporated, goes through tube hitting cool surface condensing then dripping into flask leaving the salt behind

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16
Q

drinking water

A

boil sea water->evaporation->condenses on cool surface->drips into pan becoming clean water

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17
Q

atoms

A

small particles everything is made of

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18
Q

john Dalton

A

all matter made of atoms
hard spheres cant be broken
cant be created or destroyed
in element are identical but every element has different atom

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19
Q

Now

A

arent hard spheres
made of subatomic particles:
electron, Proton ,Neutron
mostly empty space + nucleus in the centre

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20
Q

proton
neutron
electron

A

mass. charge
1. 1+
1. 0
1/1836 1-
negligible(almost zero)

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21
Q

protons

A

atomic No.electr

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22
Q

Electrons

A

No. of protons

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23
Q

Neutrons

A

mass No.-atomic No.

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24
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of the same element with different No. neutrons

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25
Q

why is the mass a decimal

A

usually the average

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26
Q

what doesnt change

A

protons and electrons

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27
Q

RAM(A)

A

(mass No. x abundance)+(mass No. x abundance)
/100

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28
Q

Periodic table

A

horizontal=periods 7
vertical= groups 8
G1=Alkali
G2=earth metals
Elements with no group (between G2+G3):transition metal
G7=Halogens
G8=noble gases
metal on left , non metals on right

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29
Q

Dmitri Mendeleev

A

atomic mass/weight(smallest-highest)
similar chemical + physical properties(column)
left gaps

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30
Q

energy

A

ability to do work measured in joules

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31
Q

how is energy stored

A

chemical
kinetic
gravitational potential
elastic potential
thermal
magnetic
electrostatic
nuclear

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32
Q

chemical

A

fuels ,food ,batteries-chemical bonds

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33
Q

kinetic

A

moving object

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34
Q

gravitational properties

A

objects above the ground

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35
Q

elastic potential

A

objects stretched or squashed

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36
Q

thermal

A

temperature

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37
Q

magnetic

A

magnets

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38
Q

electrostatic

A

due to electric charges repelling or attracting

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39
Q

nuclear

A

when nuclei in atoms join or seperate

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40
Q

conservation of energy

A

cant be created or destroyed.ONLY TRANSFERRED
total energy same before + after

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41
Q

4 pathways for energy to be transferred

A

mechanically-force applied over distance
electrically-charge moves through circuit
heating-hotter object to cooler
radiation-transferred by light or sound

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42
Q

what is it called when energy is wasted

A

dissipated(spread out)
wasted

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43
Q

efficiency

A

how good a machine is at transferring energy into useful forms

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44
Q

how is efficiency shown

A

No. 0-1
higher number more efficient

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45
Q

efficiency calc

A

useful energy out/total energy in
percentage= x100

46
Q

sankey diagram

A

thickness-how much energy involved
useful=left or right
wasteful=up or down

47
Q

how can heat be transferred

A

conduction
convection
radiation

48
Q

conduction

A

(mostly in solids)
vibrations passed between particles

49
Q

convection

A

(liquids + gases)
part of fluid thats warmer rises+sets up convection current

50
Q

radiation

A

(electromagnetic radiate that can travel through a vacuum)
only way energy can travel through vacuum
infrared radiation can also pass through gases+some solids
absorbed + emitted easily by dark dull surfaces

51
Q

GPE

A

m x g x h
kg N/kg. M

52
Q

Kinetic calc

A

1/2 x mass x (speed x speed)
Kg. M/s

53
Q

define non renewable sources

A

sources that will eventually run out
made from remains of living animals(mil yrs to form)
burning=co2 contributing to acid rain

54
Q

examples of non-renewable sources

A

coal ,oil ,gas ,nuclear

55
Q

why is nuclear considered non renewable

A

don’t emit GHG but waste produce is radioactive
yrs to dispose of +expensive to do safely

56
Q

what happens in nuclear fuel

A

reactions happen that split the atoms+release huge amounts of heat energy

57
Q

define renewable energy sources

A

never runs out/can be regenerated

58
Q

examples of renewable source

A

bio fuels
wind
hydroelectric
geothermal
tidal
solar

59
Q

solar energy

A

convert solar energy directly into electrical energy
(NOT AVAILABLE ALL THE TIME!!)

60
Q

hydro electricity

A

by water falling in high places where water can be trapped in high reservoirs
(AVAILABLE ANY TIME +can be stopped fast unlike fossil fuel power stations)

61
Q

tidal power

A

turbines across a river turn as the tide comes in + out
(NOT AVAILABLE ALL THE TIME ONLY PREDICTABLE TIMES)
may affect wildlufe

62
Q

biofuels

A

used like fossil fuels made from animal waste or plants
carbon neutral
energy needed to grow and burn so not really carbon neutral

63
Q

geothermal

A

take steam from hot rocks in earth ,steam turns turbine that turns generator converting kinetic energy into electrical potential
water cooled and injected into ground

64
Q

why cant we only use renewable sources

A

most arent available all the time,takes a lot of land and is expensive to maintain

65
Q

speed calc

A

speed=distance/time

66
Q

what does straight line mean of distance graph?

A

stationary

67
Q

velocity

A

speed of an object in a certain direction

68
Q

What do the lines on velocity time graph mean?

A

horizontal-travelling at constant velocity
sloping-accelerating
slopes up to right-accelerating
slopes down to right-decelerating

69
Q

how to show negative velocity

A

line below x axis means object moving opposite direction/backwards

70
Q

how to find distance in velocity

A

area under graph

71
Q

how to find acceleration in velocity

A

change in velocity/change in time

72
Q

define vector

A

magnitude(size)+direction-velocity

73
Q

define scalar

A

magnitude(size)-speed

74
Q

examples of vectors

A

velocity
acceleration
FORCE
displacement
momentum
weight

75
Q

examples of scalar

A

distance
speed
time
energy
mass

76
Q

define displacement

A

distance covered in a straight line +has direction

77
Q

Forces come in what?

A

pairs

78
Q

define force

A

push or pull acting on object

79
Q

two types of forces

A

contact + non-contact

80
Q

examples of contact

A

air resistance
friction
normal contact
tension

water resistance

81
Q

examples of non-contact

A

gravity
magnetism
electrostatic

82
Q

define resultant force

A

forces acting overall in specific direction

83
Q

define centripetal force

A

inwards,towards centre

84
Q

how to calculate weight

A

mass x gravity

85
Q

Parts of microscope

A

eye piece lens
tube
focusing wheels-corse focus + fine focus
objective lens
slide
stage
stage clips
mirror/light

86
Q

define resolution

A

smallest distance between 2 points that can still be seen (clearer image)

87
Q

define magnification

A

how bigger something appears compared with its actual size

88
Q

2 ways to calculate magnification

A
  1. eye piece x objective lens
    2.size of image(I)/real size of object(A)
89
Q

parts of animal cell and functions

A

nucleus-controls cell ,contains DNA
cytoplasm-jelly like substance where chemical reactions occur
cell membrane-controls what goes in +out of cell
ribosomes-protein synthesis
mitochondria-releases energy

90
Q

parts that plants cell have that animal cells dont-functions

A

chloroplast-photosynthesis
cell wall(inside)-cellulose+support+protect the cell
vacuole-cell sap+helps keep cell firm + rigid

91
Q

bacteria parts

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
cell wall
ribosomes
CHROMOSOMAL DNA
DNA PLASMID
FLAGELLUM-TAIL

92
Q

Define eukaryotic+prokaryotic

A

E-have nucleus
P-dont have nucleus

93
Q

define specialised cells

A

adapted to enable them to carry out their function

94
Q

characteristics of specialised cell for digestion

A

membrane folded to form microvilli-increase surface area increase rate food absorbed
los ribosomes-enzymes are made needed for digestion
mitochondria-muscles need energy

95
Q

egg cell

A

cell membrane fuses with sperm-becomes hard
cytoplasm-packed with nutrients for energy
jelly coat protects cell+hardens after fertilisation
haploid nucleus(23)

96
Q

sperm cell

A

tip contains vacuole-acrosome
has enzymes that break jelly coat
nucleus contains DNA
lots of mitochondria for energy to swim
tail lets it swim

97
Q

What does cilia do and what are the cell called with it

A

move side to side to move substances along(e.g egg cell->uterus)
epithelial cells with cilia>CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS

98
Q

define enzymes

A

biological catalyst

99
Q

what does enzyme do

A

speed up rate of reactions in body + break down the large insoluble molecules

100
Q

state the polymer , enzyme ,monomer

A

protein molecule-protease-amino acid
starch molecule-amylase-glucose
lipid-lipase-fatty acids+glycerol

101
Q

How do enzymes work

A

active sites where substrates bind
shape of enzyme specific for different substrate

102
Q

define denature

A

active site changes shape so the substrate can fit/bind
high temp/change in temp ,pH

103
Q

define diffusion

A

movement of particles from high to low concentration
(liquids + gases)

104
Q

how does diffusion work

A

concentration gradient form bcz of difference in concentration
particle diffuse down gradient
bigger difference steeper gradient+faster it occurs
ALLOWS SMALL MOLECULES (e.g oxygen)MOVE IN + OUT OF CELLS

105
Q

define osmosis

A

diffusion of water through partially permeable membrane(e.g cell membrane)

106
Q

partially permeable membrane

A

membrane that allows some molecules + some not

107
Q

how does osmosis work

A

overall movement of water molecules from side with more to side with less solute
high to low concentration
DON’T NEED ENERGY
can cause tissue to gain or lose mass

108
Q

how to calculate change in mass

A

(final mass-initial mass)/initial mass
for percentage x 100

109
Q

define active transport

A

movement of particles from low to high concentration(against gradient)across partially permeable membrane
REQUIRES ENERGY

110
Q
A

Geography climate (5 decks)

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