science Flashcards
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE THE 2 MAJOR PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DONATING H+ IONS TO ACT AS A BUFFER WHEN BLOOD PH RISES?
CARBONIC ACID
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PROTECTS THE SKIN FROM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION?
MELANIN
THE PLEURA IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE SHEATH THAT COVERS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANS?
LUNG
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A TERM USED FOR A SUBSTANCE HELD AT A TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE WHERE THE SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS STATES OF A SUBSTANCE EXIST SIMULTANEOUSLY?
TRIPLE POINT
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IS CAUSED BY THE RELEASE OF ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE?
INCREASE IN WATER REABSORPTION IN THE COLLECTING DUCT
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS EXPLAINS WHY IT IS IMPORTANT FOR NEW SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS TO BE PUBLISHED?
OTHER SCIENTISTS CAN VALIDATE OR DISPROVE FINDINGS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SUMMARIZES A CHANGE THAT TAKES PLACE AS A SOLID TURNS INTO LIQUID?
PARTICLES BECOME LESS ORDERED
WHICH OF THE FOLLWING IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH AN OVARIAN FOLLICLE MATURES AND RELEASES A REPRODUCTIVE EGG?
OVULATION
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INDICATES THE FUNCTION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE RELEASED BY THE PANCREAS?
SODIUM BICARBONATE NEUTRALIZES THE ACIDITY OF CHYME
A MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION AFFECTS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BLOOD VESSELS IN THE HEART?
CORONARY
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BEST SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT VIRUSES CAN CAUSE CANCER?
GENES THAT REGULATE CELL DIVISION ARE FOUND IN SOME VIRUSES
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ENDOCRINE ORGANS IS INVOLVED IN REGULATING MILK PRODUCTION FOLLOWING CHILDBIRTH?
PITUITARY GLAND
TO SEPARATE GENOMIC DNA FRAGMENTS BY SIZE, WHICH OF THESE LABORATORY METHODS ARE USEFUL?
ELECTROPHORESIS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF AN ATOM THAT HAS 12 PROTONS AND 12 NEUTRONS?
12
NITROGEN GAS IS AN EXTREMELY STABLE MOLECULE BECAUSE ITS STRUCTURE CONTAINS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
TRIPLE COVALENT BONDS
THE CYTOSKELETON OF A CELL IS COMPROMISED OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MACROMOLECULES?
PROTEINS
LITHIUM HAS AN ATOMIC NUMBER OF 3 AND A MASS OF 7 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN A LITHIUM ATOM?
3
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES OF WATER EXPLAINS ITS SOLVENT ABILITIES FOR CERTAIN SUBSTANCES?
POLARITY OF WATER MOLECULES
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A MASS WITHIN THE OVARY THAT SECRETES HORMONES TO MAINTAIN THE UTERINE LINING DURING PREGNANCY?
CORPUS LUTEUM
TESTOSTERONE IS CATEGORIZED AS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF HORMONES?
ANDROGEN
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES THE RESULTS OF USING A CATALYST IN A CHEMICAL REACTION?
THE REACTION IS COMPLETED IN A SHORTER AMOUNT OF TIME
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF CELLS PRODUCE AND RELEASE ANTIBODIES?
PLASMA B CELLS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF CENTROMERES IN ANIMAL CELLS?
MICROTUBULE ORGANIZATION
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANIC MOLECULE CONTAINS BOTH AN AMINO ACID AND CARBOXYL GROUP?
HYPOTHALAMUS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IONS BINDS TO THE TROPIN COMPLEX, INITIATING CONTRACTION OF MUSCLE?
CALCIUM
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MICROORGANISMS LACK THEIR OWN METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND CAN ONLY REPRODUCE INSIDE OF A HOST CELL?
VIRUSES
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CHEMICALS IS RELEASED BY ONE TYPE OF IMMUNE CELL TO DIRECTLY ACTIVATE ANOTHER TYPE OF IMMUNE CELL?
CYTOKINES
OSTEOPOROSIS RESULTS FROM WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
A DECLINE IN OSTEOBLAST ACTIVITY WHILE OSTEOCLAST ACTIVITY CONTINUES AT EXPECTED LEVELS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A GROUP THAT CAN BE MEASURED AGAINST THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP?
CONTROL
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING VESSELS CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD?
PULMONARY VEINS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE FUNCTION OF A TOTIPOTENT CELL?
DEVELOPS INTO ANY KIND OF CELL
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE USED TO DETERMINE A PERSON’S DNA SEQUENCE?
GENES
MITOSIS
CELL DIVISION IN EUKARYOTES THAT PRODUCES TWO GENETICALLY IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS. EACH WITH THE SAME CHROMOSOME NUMBER AS THE PARENT CELL, CELLS DUPLICATE FOR TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR, MAKES SKIN CELLS AND STOMACH CELLS
MEIOSIS
SPECIALIZED CELL DIVISION USED TO CREATE HAPLOID GAMETES IN DIPLOID ORGANISMS
MACROMOLECULES
LARGE CHEMICALS THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO LIVING THINGS AND INCLUDE CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
PROCESS OF MITOSIS
1)INTERPHASE: DNA REPLICATES
2)PROPHASE: CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE AND VISIBLE CHROMOSOMES APPEAR
3)METAPHASE: CHROMOSOMES LINE UP
4)ANAPHASE: CHROMOSOMES ARE PULLED APART TO THE POLES. CELL DIVISION BEGINS
5)TELOPHASE: TWO NUCLEI FORM. DAUGHTER CELLS SEPARATE IN CYTOKINESIS
MEIOSIS
PROCESS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO GENETIC VARIETY. PROCESS THAT MAKES SPERM AND EGG CELLS AKA GAMETES. IT DOES NOT MAKE BODY CELLS. IT DOES NOT MAKE IDENTICAL CELLS
HOW MANY CHROMOSOMES DO YOU END UP WITH IN MEIOSIS
23.
YOU START WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES AND END WITH 23 THIS IS REDUCTION DIVISION WHICH MEANS YOU DIVIDE TWICE. IN MEIOSIS AFTER INTERPHASE PMAT IS DONE TWICE
RIBOSOMES
SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS IN A CELL
MITOCHONDRIA
RESPONSIBLE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION
CYTOSKELETON
GIVES FORM TO A CELL
CELL MEMBRANE
MAINTAINS WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES A CELL, SURROUNDS AND PROTECTS IT
NUCLEUS
RESPONSIBLE FOR HOUSING DNA, WHICH STORES GENETIC INFORMATION
LYSOSOMES
INVOLVED IN THE DIGESTION AND RECYCLING OF MOLECULES
DNA
THE MATERIAL THAT CONTAINS GENETIC INFORMATION AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIRECTING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN LIVING ORGANISMS, IT IS A MACROMOLECULE, THE STRUCTURE OF DNA IS A TWISTED LADDER OR DOUBLE HELIX MADE OF PHOSPHATE AND DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR MOLECULES. THE RUNGS ARE MADE OF 4 NUCLEOTIDE BASES.
NUCLEOTIDES
MONOMERS USED TO BUILD DNA AND RNA. THERE ARE 4 NUCLEOTIDE BASES THAT MAKE UP THE RUNGS OF DNA.
ADENINE
THYMINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE
A PAIRS WITH T
C PAIRS WITH G
CODON
A SEQUENCE OF THREE NUCLEOTIDES THAT CODES FOR A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID OR STOP SIGNAL DURING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
WHAT ARE THE TWO STRANDS OF DNA
THE TWO STRANDS OF DNA RUN IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. INFORMATION IS CODED IN DNA IN THE 3 TO 5 DIRECTION , THIS STRAND IS CALLED THE SENSE STRAND. THE OTHER STRAND GOING IN THE 3 TO 5 DIRECTION IS CALLED THE ANTI SENSE STRAND. THE ANTI SENSE STRAND IS USED AS THE TEMPLATE IN DNA REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION
WHAT IS RNA
THE PRINCIPAL ROLE OF RNA IS TO ACT AS A MESSENGER CARRYING INSTRUCTIONS FROM DNA FOR CONTROLLING THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS. RECALL THAT DNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED; MRNA IS AN EXACT COPY OF THE TEMPLATE STRAND 5 TO 3 OF DNA, EXCEPT THAT THYMINE IS REPLACED WITH URACIL.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RNA INVOLVED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
MRNA-MESSENGER RNA
TRNA-TRANSFER RNA
RRNA-RIBOSOMAL RNA
WHAT ARE THE NUCLEOTIDES FOR RNA
ADENINE
URACIL
GUAMINE
CYTOSINE
A PAIRS WITH U
C PAIRS WITH G
WHAT ARE THE 2 STAGES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION
THE SYNTHESIS OF RNA FROM A DNA TEMPLATE. DNA IS TOO BIG TO LEAVE THE NUCLEUS OF THE CELL; THEREFORE IT “COPIES” THE CODE FOR THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR A GENE TO MRNA. THIS FORM OF RNA IS SMALLER AND CAN LEAVE THE NUCLEUS AND CARRY THE INFORMATION TO THE CYTOPLASM, WHERE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE. ONCE MRNA HAS ENTERED THE CYTOPLASM THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORES, RRNA IN RIBOSOMES ATTACHES TO TGE MRNA STRAND AND BEGINS TO “TRANSCRIBE” THE INSTRUCTIONS
WHAT IS A GENE
SECTIONS OF DNA, CODE FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT. EX: EYE COLOR, HAND SIZE, METABOLISM ETC
ALLELE
A SPECIFIC COPY OF A GENE, ALSO DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE SAME GENE. EX- GENE: COCA COLA
ALLELE: DIET COKE, CHERRY COKE ETC
GENE: EYE COLOR
ALLELE: BLUE, GREEN, BROWN ETC
DOMINANT
REFERS TO THE MOST POWERFUL TRAIT OR THE ALLELE FOR THAT TRAIT
RECESSIVE
REFERS TO TRAITS THAT ARE MASKED IF DOMINANT ALLELES ARE ALSO PRESENT
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENE AND ALLELE
GENE SPECIFIES A TRAIT AND ALLELES SPECIFY THE FORM THE GENE TAKES
PHENOTYPE
THE OUTCOME OF THE TRAIT
EX- WHEN DETERMINING EYE COLOR THE PHENOTYPE IS THE EYE COLOR
GENOTYPE
REFERS TO THE EXACT PAIRING OF ALLELES
EX- BB, Bb, bb
HOMOZYGOUS
A GENOTYPE WITH TWO OF THE SAME ALLELES
HETEROZYGOUS
A GENOTYPE WITH TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES
MACROMOLECULES
LARGE STRUCTURES THAT MAKE UP ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. MACROMOLECULES HAVE SMALL SUBUNITS CALLED MONOMERS WHICH BIND TOGETHER TO FORM LARGER UNITS CALLED POLYMERS.
MONOMERS–>POLYMERS–>MACROMOLECULES
4 CLASSES OF MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
MONOMERS
SINGLE SUBUNITS WHICH BIND TOGETHER TO FORM POLYMERS
POLYMERS
“CHAINS” OF MONOMERS
CARBOHYDRATES
MAIN ENERGY SOURCE FOR ALL ORGANISMS
MONOMERS: MONOSACCHARIDES
POLYMERS: POLYSACCHARIDES
LIPIDS
ENERGY STORAGE, MEMBRANE FORMATION, STEROID FUNCTION, INCLUDES FATS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS
PROTEINS
INVOLVED IN NEARLY ALL CELLULAR FUNCTIONS, ENZYMES
MONOMERS: AMINO ACIDS
POLYMERS: POLYPEPTIDES
NUCLEIC ACIDS
STORE, TRANSMIT, AND EXPRESS GENETIC INFORMATION
MONOMERS: NUCLEOTIDES (ADENINE,THYMINE,CYTOSINE,GUANINE)
POLYMERS: POLYNUCLEOTIDES (STRANDS OF DNA AND RNA)
MICROORGANISMS
LIVING THINGS THAT ARE TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN WITHOUT A MICROSCOPE, TYPICALLY FREE LIVING AND GAIN ALL THEY NEED FROM THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT; ALSO CALLED MICROBES
FUNCTIONS OF MICROORGANISMS
BENEFICIAL IN PRODUCING OXYGEN, DECOMPOSING ORGANIC MATERIAL, PROVIDING NUTRIENTS FOR PLANTS, MAINTAINING HUMAN HEALTH. SOME CAN BE PATHOGENIC AND CAUSE DISEASE IN PLANTS AND HUMANS
TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS
BACTERIA
VIRUS
PROTOZOAN
FUNGI
ANIMALS
PARASITES
A TYPE OF MICROBE CONSIDERED A PATHOGEN. THEY LIVE IN OR ON THE BODYOF A LARGER ORGANISM CALLED THE HOST AND DERIVE MOST OF ITS SUSTENANCE FROM THAT HOST. PARASITES DAMAGE THE HOST THROUGH INFECTION AND DISEASE
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
DISEASES THAT SPREAD FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER AND ARE COMMONLY CALLED COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. THEY ARE CAUSED BY PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS SUCH AS BACTERIA, PROTOZOANS, VIRUS, AND OTHER SUCH MICROBES. EX: CHOLERA, CHICKENPOX, COVID19
NON INFECTIOUS DISEASE
DO NOT SPREAD TO OTHERS AND THEY REMAIN WITHIN A PERSON WHO HAS CONTRACTED THEM. THESE DISEASES ARE NOT CAUSED BY PATHOGENS, BUT BY OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS AGE, NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY, GENDER, AND LIFESTYLE. EX: DIABETES, CANCER, ASTHMA
ATOM
SMALLEST UNIT THAT HAS A UNIQUE IDENTITY, FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENT OF MATTER THAT RETAINS THE PROPERTIES OF AN ELEMENT
THE PERIODIC TABLE
118 ELEMENTS
ATOMS ARE ARRANGED FROM LEFT TO RIGHT BY INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER
WHAT ARE ATOMS MADE OF
THEY ALL HAVE DISTINCT PROPERTIES BUT ARE ALL COMPOSED OF THE SAME 3 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES WHICH ARE PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS
WHAT IS INSIDE THE ATOM
A CENTRAL NUCLEUS CONTAINING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS. ELECTRONS EXIST IN AN ELECTRON CLOUD SURROUNDING THE NUCLEUS. ELECTRONS “ORBIT” AROUND THE NUCLEUS
ATOMIC MASS
THE SUM OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN AN ATOM
ATOMIC NUMBER
NUMBER OF PROTONS IN AN ATOM
NEUTRAL ATOMS
EQUAL NUMBER OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS
IONS
ATOMS WITH A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGE
GROUP
VERTICAL COLUMN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE. THE ELEMENTS IN EACH GROUP HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF VALENCE (BONDING) ELECTRONS.
PERIOD
ONE OF THE 7 HORIZONTAL ROWS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
ORBITAL
AREA AROUND THE NUCLEUS WHERE AN ELECTRON CAN BE FOUND
WHERE IS THE GASTROCNEMIUS VEIN IN RELATION TO THE FEMORAL VEIN
SUPERIOR
THE GASTROCNEMIUS VEIN IS FOUND IN THE CALF
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF PROTEIN
FIBROUS, MEMBRANE, GLOBULAR
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE REGARDING ADIPOCYTES
THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STORING THE FAT THAT IS FOUND IN ADIPOSE TISSUE
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF RIBOSOMES
TO MAKE PROTEINS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
INCLUDING BAKING SODA TO MAKE IT LESS SOUR
WHAT IS A CATALYST
INCREASES THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BECOMING PART OF THE NET REACTION
HOW TO DETERMINE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
ATOMIC MASS - ATOMIC NUMBER = NUMBER OF NEUTRONS. EX: 79.90 - 35= 44.90
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ACCURATELY DESCRIBES THE PATH OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART?
AFTER TRAVELING THROUGH THE LUNGS, OXYGENATED BLOOD ENTERS INTO THE LEFT ATRIUM, THEN THROUGH THE MITRAL VALVE TO THE LEFT VENTRICLE
WHAT IS AN ANTIGEN
ANY SUBSTANCE PERCEIVED BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AS DANGEROUS. WHEN THE BODY SENSES AN ANTIGEN IT PRODUCES AN ANTIBODY
WHAT IS HEMOGLOBIN
A PROTEIN IN RED BLOOD CELLS THAT CARRIES OXYGEN
WHAT IS LYMPH FLUID
A NEAR TRANSPARENT FLUID THAT PERFORMS A NUMBER OF FUNCTIONS IN THE BODY: IT REMOVES BACTERIA FROM TISSUES, REPLACES LYMPHOCYTES IN THE BLOOD, AND MOVES FAT AWAY FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE. LYMPH NODES ARE STRUCTURES THAT FILTER THE LYMPH AND WORK TO NEUTRALIZE UNDESIRABLE SUBSTANCES
FUNCTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
REABSORBS WATER INTO THE BODY TO FORM SOLID WASTE
FUNCTION OF THE LIVER
THE LIVER PRODUCES BILE, WHICH AIDS IN DIGESTION BY EMULSIFYING FATS AFTER THEY HAVE PASSED THROUGH THE STOMACH
FUNCTION OF THE ILEUM
FUNCTIONS TO RECOVER VITAMINS, SALTS, AND NUTRIENTS FROM THE CHYME BEFORE IT PASSES INTO THE LARGE INTESTINE
WHAT ARE ENZYMES
LARGE MOLECULES THAT SERVE AS CATALYSTS FOR CERTAIN BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS
WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULES ARE ENZYMES
PROTEIN MOLECULES PRODUCED BY LIVING ORGANISMS
WHICH BLOOD VESSEL CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART
PULMONARY VEIN
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BLOOD VESSEL CONTAINS THE LEAST OXYGENATED BLOOD
PULMONARY ARTERY
WHAT WORDS SHOULD BE PART OF A HYPOTHESIS
IF/THEN
WHAT IS A TRIPLE BEAM USED FOR
TO MEASURE MASS IN GRAMS
PURPOSE OF ANENOMETER
TO MEASURE WIND SPEED
PURPOSE OF HOT PLATE
TO HEAT LIQUID
WHAT TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND CONNECTS THE OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ATOMS IN A MOLECULE OF WATER
COVALENT BONDS.
IN A COVALENT BOND ATOMS SHARE VALENCE ELECTRONS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A PRODUCT OF RESPIRATION
OXYGEN
WHAT IS DIFFUSION
THE PROCESS IN THE LUNGS BY WHICH OXYGEN IS TRANSPORTED FROM THE AIR TO THE BLOOD. MOLECULES PASSIVELY MOVE FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION
WHAT IS OSMOSIS
THE PASSIVE MOVEMENT OF A FLUID ESPECIALLY WATER FROM AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION
WHICH BODY SYSTEM CONTROLS FLUID LOSS, PROTECTS DEEP TISSUES, AND SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D?
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
THE PROCESS OF CHANGING FROM A LIQUID TO A GAS IS CALLED ?
VAPORIZATION
PROCESS OF CHANGING FROM A LIQUID TO A SOLID?
FREEZING
PROCESS OF CHANGING FROM A GAS TO A LIQUID
CONDENSATION
PROCESS OF CHANGING FROM SOLID TO GAS
SUBLIMATION
WHICH PART OF THE CELL PROVIDES ENERGY FOR CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
MITOCHONDRIA
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENES AND CHROMOSOMES?
EACH CHROMOSOME CONTAINS MULTIPLE GENES
WHAT LAB EQUIPMENT WOULD MOST LIKELY BE USED TO PRECISELY MEASURE THE VOLUME OF A LIQUID SOLUTION
GRADUATED CYLINDER
WHAT ARE THE FIVE BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE WRITING PROCESS
PREWRITING
DRAFTING
CONFERENCING
REVISION
EDITING