Science 14-16

Question 1

contact

Answer 1

occurs when individual has direct (skin/sexual contact) or indirect (blood/bodily fluid/fomite-inanimate object that harbors the pathogen) contact with an infected individual

Question 2

food or water borne

Answer 2

ingestion of food/water that is infected, these lead to outbreaks (immense and widespread)

Question 3

airborne

Answer 3

inhalation of air contaminated by pathogens, infections of the respiratory tract

Question 4

vector borne

Answer 4

vector- organism that indirectly transmits pathogens from person to person
occurs when a vector, commonly an infected arthropod such as a mosquito, bites a human ex: black plague

Question 5

perinatal

Answer 5

infection of a fetus or newborn thru the mother

Question 6

disease reservoir

Answer 6

animate/inanimate source that harbors infection causing microorganism for a long period of time

Question 7

4 main catagories

Answer 7

1. human
2. animal
3. soil
4. water

Question 8

diseases with animal reservoir

Answer 8

zoonotic diseases

Question 9

human and animal reservoirs

Answer 9

are asymptomatic, but can still spread the disease

Question 10

smallpox have no non human reservoirs and produce symptoms

Answer 10

makes it possible to track down ppl who inhibit the disease and eradicate it

Question 11

pathophysiology

Answer 11

study of changes within an organ/ individual that accompanys a certain disease

Question 12

stages of infection and disease

Answer 12

1. contact
2. adherence
3. penetration
4. local infection of the tissues
5. proliferation
6. adaptive immune response

Question 13

1st stage

Answer 13

individual exposed to pathogen then agent adheres to epithelial surface, infection agent est. infection site by growing to ES or penetrating hosts tissue

Question 14

epithelial surface

Answer 14

skin or internal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital tracts

Question 15

incubation period

Answer 15

interval between the receipt of the infectious agent and onset of the disease

Question 16

latent period

Answer 16

time from infection to infectiousness

Question 17

colonization

Answer 17

when infection grows in hosts body but doesn’t cause any symptoms

Question 18

intracellular pathogens

Answer 18

microorganisms that can grow and reproduce within host cells

Question 19

extracellular pathogens

Answer 19

proliferate areas outside host cell

Question 20

lymphatic system

Answer 20

system that helps body get rid of unwanted materials and fight infection

Question 21

final stage

Answer 21

hosts system begins to fight pathogen

Question 22

immune response

Answer 22

host fighting against pathogen

Question 23

white blood cells

Answer 23

contain red blood cells for oxygen transport and white for fighting infection
white blood cells consist of lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 24

macrophages

Answer 24

WBC that digest pathogens
leave behind parts of invading antigens
body identifies these as bad and produces antibodies

Question 25

lymphocytes

Answer 25

WBC whose main purpose is to identify invading pathogen and stimulate body for response.

Question 26

2 main types of lymphocytes

Answer 26

1. B lymphocytes produce antibodies

2. T lymphocytes attack cells in the body that have already been infected

Question 27

cytokines

Answer 27

molecules that act as messengers between the variety of cells in immune system

Question 28

innate immunity

Answer 28

bodys response to infectious agents

non-specific- not directed at any one particular invading pathogen

Question 29

adaptive immunity

Answer 29

involves recognition of pathogens and triggering of an immune response

Question 30

first line of defense

Answer 30

skin, glands, and nose

Question 31

inflammatory response

Answer 31

occurs when pathogen causes damage when entering the tissue which causes your body to release chemicals that increase blood flow to the area

Question 32

interferons

Answer 32

cytokines capable to preventing viral replications

Question 33

adaptive vs innate

Answer 33

adaptive depends on lymphocytes and their ability to identify antigen

Question 34

3 phases of adaptive immune response

Answer 34

1. antigen recognition: each lymphocyte has binding site on plasma membrane that is specific to certain antigen
2. lymphocyte activation: encounters and binds to antigen that matches specific receptor, becomes activated and replicates
3. the attack: activated lymphocytes will launch attack on antigens or cells w antigens