Science Flashcards
1
Q
Define Radiation.
A
Radiation is the process whereby energy travels via particles and/or waves.
2
Q
- Define light/radiant energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Light/radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels via waves.
- (El)
- Kinetic energy
3
Q
What is energy measured in?
A
Joules (J).
4
Q
Define potential energy.
A
Potential energy is energy stored “waiting” in an object due to its position or arrangement.
5
Q
What is the law of the conversation of energy?
A
Energy can be transformed and transferred, but not be created or destroyed (except in a nuclear reaction).
6
Q
Approximately how many joules of kinetic energy would it take to lift 1L 1m high?
A
10 J.
7
Q
Define kinetic energy.
A
Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its movement - its motion.
8
Q
Can all types of energy be transformed into other types of energy or only some?
A
All types of energy can be transformed into other types of energy.
9
Q
Can energy be lost? Why?
A
Energy is not lost, it is conserved.
10
Q
As a ball is dropped, _________ energy is at a maximum.
(potential/kinetic)
A
As a ball is dropped, potential energy is at a maximum.
11
Q
As a ball come to a standstill after being dropped on the ground, _______ energy is at a maximum. (potential/kinetic)
A
As a ball come to a standstill after being dropped on the ground, kinetic energy is at a maximum.
12
Q
As the ball falls, there is a gain in ________ energy and a loss in _________ energy.
(potential/kinetic)
A
As the ball falls, there is a gain in kinetic energy and a loss in potential energy.
13
Q
List all the types of potential energy.
A
- Chemical Potential Energy
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- Elastic Potential Energy
- Electrical Energy
14
Q
List all the types of kinetic energy.
A
- Kinetic Energy
- Heat/Thermal Energy
- Sound Energy
- Light/Radiant Energy
15
Q
Define energy.
A
The ability to do work.
16
Q
- Define gravitational energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Gravitational energy is the energy of position or place.
- (Ep)
- Potential energy.
17
Q
- Define chemical energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
- (Ecp)
- Potential energy
18
Q
- Define nuclear energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Nuclear energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy that holds it together.
- (En)
- Potential energy
19
Q
- Define elastic energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Elastic energy is energy stored in springs and elastic objects by the application of a force.
- (Eep)
- Potential energy
20
Q
- Define electrical energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Electrical energy is the energy that is transferred in electrical circuits. This is a result of the movement of charged particles (electrons).
- (Ee)
- Potential energy
21
Q
- Define kinetic energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It is the movement of objects and substances from one place to another.
- (Ek)
- Kinetic energy [duh]
22
Q
- Define heat/thermal energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Heat/thermal energy is the internal energy of substances. It is the movement of molecules and atoms inside a substance. The faster they move, the hotter they become.
- (Q)
- Kinetic energy
23
Q
- Define sound energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
- The process how sound is produced.
A
- Sound energy is the movement of energy through substances via sound waves.
- (Es)
- Kinetic energy
- Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate.
24
Q
- Define light/radiant energy.
- Provide the symbol.
- Name the type of energy it is.
A
- Light/radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels via waves.
- (El)
- Kinetic energy
25
Radiating is when...
Energy moves.
26
When energy moves, it is called...
Radiating
27
List the two types of waves.
- Mechanical Waves
- Electromagnetic Waves
28
How do mechanical waves transfer energy?
Mechanical waves transfer energy via the vibration of particles.
29
How do electromagnetic waves transfer energy?
Electromagnetic waves transfer energy using waves.
30
What do mechanical waves require to transfer energy?
Matter - such as air or water.
31
Do electromagnetic waves require matter to tranfer energy?
No, only mechanical waves.
32
List the Electromagnetic Spectrum in order.
- Radio Waves
- Microwaves
- Infrared radiation
- Visible light
- Ultraviolet
- X-rays
- Gamma-rays
33
Electromagnetic energy travels via...
Electromagnetic waves.
34
Define electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves are a type of wave that transfers energy via light and does not require matter to travel through.
35
What are two properties of waves with short wavelengths?
- High frequency
- High energy
36
What are two properties of waves with long wavelengths?
- Low frequency
- Low energy
37
Radio Waves:
How much energy and what is it used for?
- Very low energy
- Used to send radio and television transmissions.
38
Microwaves:
How much energy and what is it used for?
- Low energy
- Used to send wifi and bluetooth signals
39
Infrared radiation:
How much energy, what type of energy does it transfer, and what can it be detected by?
- Fairly low energy
- Transfers heat
- Detected by infrared cameras
40
Visible light:
What's so special about it?
Visible light is the only kind of electromagnetic wave that humans can see with their eyes.
41
Ultraviolet:
How much energy, what is it used for, and can it be harmful?
- Fairly high energy
- Used in 'black lights'
- Ultraviolet waves with higher energies can be harmful to skin.
42
X-ray:
How much energy and what is it used for, and why?
- High energy
- X-rays, because it can pass through soft tissues but not hard tissues like bone.
43
Gamma-ray:
How much energy and how is it produced?
- Very high energy
- Produced in the sun
44
Radiation can affect cells and often depends on the...
List three.
- Type
- Strength
- Length of exposure
45
Radiation can affect cells and often depends on the type.
Elaborate.
Ionising or non-ionising
46
Radiation can affect cells and often depends on the strength.
Elaborate.
Energy per second the cells are subjected to.
47
Radiation can affect cells and often depends on the length of exposure.
Elaborate.
How long your cells are exposed to the radiation.
48
Which waves on the Electromagnetic Spectrum are ionising?
- Ultraviolet
- X-rays
- Gamma-rays
49
What do ionised cells have none of, and what is the effect of this?
Ionised cells have no electrons, making them malfunction and not do the job.
50
List three things that can happen after a cell gets ionised.
- Cell repairs itself
- Cell is permanently modified
- Cell dies
51
One of three things a cell can do after it gets ionised is repair itself.
Elaborate.
ZERO EFFECT
52
One of three things a cell can do after it gets ionised is get permanently modified.
List two things that could happen if this happens.
- Cell destroyed by immune system
- Survives but is dysfunctional
53
One of three things a cell can do after it gets ionised is die.
List three things that could happen if this happens.
- Few cells killed. Organism will heal and survive.
- Most cells killed, organism may survive with symptoms.
- Most cells killed, organism will perish.
54
List three ways that we can protect ourselves from radiation exposure.
- Reduce exposure time
- Increase distance
- Shield ourselves.
55
Define radioactive decay.
Radioactive decay is the process whereby an unstable parent nucleus transmutes into a daughter nucleus by emitting a particle and/or wave to become stable.
56
Define nuclear energy.
Nuclear energy is the energy that comes from the core (or the nucleus) of an atom.
57
Nuclear reactions are DIFFERENT to chemical reactions. True or false?
TRUE!
58
In nuclear reactions, the _________ changes.
In chemical reactions, the __________ change.
1. Nucleus
2. Electrons
59
One element can change into another element in ___________ reactions.
One element can't change into another element in ___________ reactions.
1. Nuclear
2. Chemical
60
Define isotopes.
(Protons/Neutrons)
Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.
61
The number of neutrons doesn't affect _________ behaviour, but it does affect __________ behaviour.
1. Chemical
2. Nuclear
62
What are isotopes identified by?
Their mass.
63
How would a carbon isotope with a mass of 14 and an atomic number of 6 be written?
Carbon-14, the atomic number doesn't affect how isotopes are written.
64
What can affect the stability of the nucleus, and in turn what does this cause?
Too many or too few neutrons can affect the stability of the nucleus, causing bonds to break.
65
How do neutrons decay into protons and why?
Neutrons decay into protons by expelling an electron. This happens when neutrons don't have enough nearby protons.
66
Define unstable nucleus.
An unstable nucleus is when the neutrons start to outnumber the protons.
67
Define a radioisotope.
When the isotope has an unstable nucleus - when the neutrons start to outnumber the protons.
68
What makes a substance have high radioactivity?
If there are many nuclei decaying the substance then it's said to have high radioactivity.
69
What does an unstable nucleus do to become stable?
The unstable nucleus emits a particle or wave to become stable.
70
Why is the mass on elements on the periodic table always decimal numbers?
Elements on the periodic table have the average mass of all isotopes, and the average is usually a decimal number.
71
What are the three particles/waves that are emitted during nuclear radiation?
- Alpha particles
- Beta particles
- Gamma waves
72
List the following properties of alpha particles.
a) symbol
b) particle or wave?
c) same as...
d) charge
e) mass
f) speed
g) ionising ability
h) penetration
i) stopped by
a) a
b) particle
c) helium nucleus
d) 2+
e) 4
f) slow
g) high
h) low
i) paper
73
List the following properties of beta particles.
a) symbol
b) particle or wave?
c) same as...
d) charge
e) mass
f) speed
g) ionising ability
h) penetration
i) stopped by
a) B
b) particle
c) electron
d) 1-
e) 1/2000
f) medium
g) medium
h) medium
i) aluminium
74
List the following properties of gamma waves.
a) symbol
b) particle or wave?
c) same as...
d) charge
e) mass
f) speed
g) ionising ability
h) penetration
i) stopped by
a) Y
b) wave
c) electromagnetic wave
d) none
e) none
f) fast
g) low
h) high
i) lead
74
As penetrating ability increases, ionising ability _________.
Decreases
75
As speed increases, penetration ability _________.
Also increases
76
What is an alpha particle made up of?
Two neutrons and two protons
77
List two ways alpha particles can be represented.
4
2 He
OR
4
2 a
77
How do you calculate alpha decay?
Mass number decreases by 4, atomic number decreases by 2.
78
What does a nuclear equation look like?
238 234 4
92 U -> 90 Th + 2 He
79
Why are beta particles emitted, and what is a beta particle made up of?
One of the neutrons converts to a proton, and an electron is emitted.
80
List two ways beta particles can be represented.
0
-1 e
OR
0
-1 B
81
How do you calculate beta decay?
Atomic number increases by one, mass number stays the same.
82
Define the process of gamma decay.
Gamma decay occurs when the protons and neutrons rearrange into a more stable form, and energy is emitted as a gamma wave.
83
How do you calculate gamma decay?
Atomic number and mass number stay the same, therefore resulting in the same parent element as daughter element.
84
On a nuclear decay graph, what axis is mass number on and what axis is atomic number on?
Mass number: y
Atomic number: x
85
What is the point of a nuclear decay graph?
To plot nuclear decay, and note isotopes and elements involved in the decay process.
86
Define half-life.
Half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive substance to decay.
87
Why is a half-life HALF not FULL?
A half-life is HALF not FULL because half is a more accurate prediction.
88
After one half-life, does it halve again or straight away turn into a new element?
Provide detail.
After one half-life, it halves, and halves again, and so on. THEN it turns into a new element, after none is left.
89
The _______ the half-life, the less stable the object is.
shorter/longer
The shorter the half-life, the less stable the object is.
90
List the three types of natural radiation.
- Cosmic rays
- Rocks and soil
- Living things
91
List five pieces of advice to follow in an exam. (Not including explanations)
- Include units
- Graph titles: pay attention
- GO WITH YOUR GUT
- Use logic
- Check your working
92
List four things to make sure to include during explanations in an exam.
- Include data
- Include a conclusion/final answer
- Rule out everything to deduce answer
- Include everything you’ve learnt: detail
