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FTCE PK-3 > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of science?

A

to construct explanations about how the natural world works

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2
Q

What is the difference between formal and informal learning?

A

-formal: based on curriculum standards
-informal (experiential): student-directed, flexible, focus on what student wants to learn

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3
Q

What is a claim?

A

a statement that answers a testable question or problem

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4
Q

How much of Earth’s surface is covered by water?

A

70% (of that: 97% ocean, 3% lakes and streams, groundwater, glacial ice, etc.)

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of rocks?

A

-igneous: formed from liquid rock or magma that cools
-sedimentary: formed from sediments of other rocks
-metamorphic: formed from preexisting rocks below Earth’s surface as a result of heat, pressure, or presence of chemically active fluids

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6
Q

What is lava?

A

magma that erupts at Earth’s surface

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7
Q

What are minerals?

A

-naturally occurring
-nonliving solids
-definite crystalline structure
-chemical composition

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8
Q

What are some common physical properties minerals can be identified by?

A

-streak
-hardness
-luster
-fracture (don’t break along uneven or sometimes curved surfaces)/cleavage (break along smooth lines)
-color

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9
Q

What is the main component of soil?

A

sediment

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10
Q

What are the 3 smallest particles in soil?

A

-sand: largest; doesn’t hold water well; water drains right through it
-silt: feels like flour; holds water better than sand because grains are smaller
-clay: smallest; sticky

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11
Q

What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering?

A

-physical (mechanical): breaks materials into smaller pieces, but chemical composition doesn’t change
-chemical: changes chemical composition

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12
Q

What is erosion?

A

movement of Earth materials by water, wind, or ice

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13
Q

What causes low and high atmospheric pressure?

A

-low: warm air rises (associated with precipitation)
-high: cool air sinks (associated with clear skies)

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14
Q

How does air move in the atmosphere?

A

from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

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15
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the water (hydrological) cycle?

A

-evaporation
-condensation
-precipitation
-collection or filtration

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16
Q

What was the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth?

A

Sputnik I launched by Soviet Union (1957)

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17
Q

When was the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) established?

A

1958 by Congress

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18
Q

Who was the first American in space?

A

Alan Shepard (1961)

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19
Q

When did the final Moon landing take place?

A

1972

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20
Q

How many shuttle missions were there?

A

-135 (133 successful)
-Challenger and Columbia unsuccessful
-space shuttle program ended in 2011

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21
Q

What is the degree Earth’s axis is tilted at?

A

~23.5 degrees

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22
Q

What is the shortest and longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere?

A

-shortest: Dec 21 (winter solstice)
-longest: June 21 (summer solstice)

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23
Q

T or F: Distance is a factor in seasonal temp change.

A

F

24
Q

What does equinox signify?

A

equal time periods

25
Q

What does it mean when the Moon is waxing?

A

right side of the moon becomes increasingly visible each night

26
Q

What does it mean when the Moon is waning?

A

left side of the moon becomes increasingly each night

27
Q

How long does it take for the Moon to orbit Earth?

A

~27 days; ~29 days from one new Moon to the next (discrepancy because Moon and Earth are both moving; Moon has to travel a little further than 360 degrees to be between Earth and Sun)

28
Q

What is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resources?

A

-renewable: replenished over timescales of decades or less
-nonrenewable: requires millions of years to be replenished because the processes they are formed by take a very long time (fossil fuels: coal, oil, natural gas)

29
Q

What are the 3 states of matter?

A

solid, liquid, gas

30
Q

What are characteristic properties?

A

-properties that hold true regardless of the size of the sample
-ex: freezing point, boiling point, mineral’s hardness

31
Q

What is the difference between mass and weight?

A

-amount of matter in an object (remains the same no matter where it is in the universe)
-the force of gravity on an object

32
Q

What is volume?

A

amount of space it takes up

33
Q

What is density?

A

the relationship between an objects mass and its volume (Density = Mass/Volume)

34
Q

What is temperature?

A

a measure of the average energy of motion in particles (e.g., the faster the particles move, the greater the temperature)

35
Q

What are elements?

A

-substances that are made up of only one type of matter (have definite properties)

36
Q

What is a compound?

A

-two or more elements that are chemically combined (have definite properties)
-can only be separated by chemical means

37
Q

What is a mixture?

A

-two or more substances that are mixed together, but not chemically combined (heterogeneous mixture)
-substances retain their individual properties (e.g., tossed salad)

38
Q

What is a solution?

A

a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances dissolved in a solvent (e.g., salt water, sugar water, sweet tea)

39
Q

What is the difference between a physical and chemical change?

A

-physical: modify the form of a substance, but does not change it into a new substance; retains its properties (e.g., cutting, tearing, folding, dissolving, changing from one state of matter to another)
-chemical: results in a new substance with different properties (e.g., burning, rusting, digesting food)

40
Q

What is energy? What are the 2 types of energies?

A

-the ability to do work, or cause a change in matter
-kinetic: energy of motion; potential: stored or “possible” energy

41
Q

What are the different types of forms energy can be in?

A

-mechanical
-chemical
-light
-sound
-heat (thermal)
-electrical

42
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

energy is not created or destroyed; it’s just transferred to a different form

43
Q

What is force?

A

a push or pull on an object that occurs due to its interaction with another object

44
Q

What are Newton’s 3 laws of motion?

A

-1st (law of inertia): objects tend to keep doing what they are doing, unless acted on by an outside force (objects in motion stay in motion and vice versa)
-2nd: massive objects require a greater force to change its motion
-3rd: for every force (action) there is an equal and opposite force (action)

45
Q

What is heredity?

A

the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring

46
Q

What are alleles?

A

pairs of genes that encode for specific traits (each parent contributes one of those alleles to offspring)

47
Q

How many kingdoms does today’s classification system contain?

A

-6
-sorting is based upon their type of cells, the number of cells in their bodies, and whether they produce their own food

48
Q

Plants can be can classified as 2 things. What are they?

A

-vascular: use roots and stems to transport nutrients (e.g., trees and flowers)
-nonvascular: do not transport nutrients via roots and stems (e.g., mosses)

49
Q

Animals can be classified into two major groups. What are they?

A

-vertebraes: internal skeleton with a backbone
-Invertebrate is: no internal skeleton with a backbone (90% of all animals; worms, clams, shrimp, oysters; arthropods: insects, spiders, scorpions, centipedes)

50
Q

What is an endoskeleton?

A

an internal one that provide support, helps organisms move, and protects internal organs (vertebrates)

51
Q

What are the five types of vertebrates?

A

-fish
-amphibians
-reptiles
-birds
-mammals

52
Q

What are characteristics of a living thing?

A

-made up of one or more cells
-need and use energy
-respond and adapt to the environment
-move
-grow
-reproduce
-control their internal environment

53
Q

What are tissues?

A

groups of similar cells that perform a particular function

54
Q

What are organs?

A

made up of one or more types of tissue

55
Q

What are the eight major systems of the human body?

A

-circulatory
-respiratory
-digestive
-nervous
-musculoskeletal
-excretory
-immune
-reproductive

56
Q

What are the 3 types of organisms within an ecosystem?

A

-producers: make their own food
-consumers: consuming other organisms
-decomposers: feed on dead, or decaying plants and animals

57
Q

What is a biome?

A

-a geographic area that has similar weather and vegetation
-ex: rainforest, forest, desert, grassland, tundra, freshwater, marine

FTCE PK-3 (4 decks)

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