science Flashcards
1
Q
hard and rigid, outermost and thinniest layer
A
crust
2
Q
located directly below the crust
A
mantle
3
Q
what are the 2 regions of mantle?
A
upper and lower
4
Q
extremely hot, solid sphere of mostly nickel and iron into the center of the earth
A
inner core
5
Q
only liquid layer of the earth
A
outer core
6
Q
what is the name of alfred wegener’s book?
A
The origin of continents and oceans
7
Q
what is the meaning of “pangea”
A
“all of the earth”
8
Q
what was our continent called when it was still a single landmass?
A
pangea
9
Q
at what year did pangea started to break into 2 parts? And what is the name of those 2, and state their location
A
200 million years ago, laurasia in the north and gondwana in the south
10
Q
at what year did gondwana and laurasia split further?
A
135 million years ago
11
Q
the lithosphere is broken into several large stabs that are called?
A
plates
12
Q
the type of crust that underlies the continents are called?
A
Continental crust
13
Q
the type of crust that is found under the oceans is called?
A
oceanic crust
14
Q
the border between the two tectonic plates are called?
A
boundary
15
Q
occurs where two plates are pushing towards each other
A
convergent boundary
16
Q
the plates that are moving apart from each other
A
divergent boundary
17
Q
occurs when two plates slides past each other
A
transform boundary
18
Q
during these years, our continents was still joined together, when is that year?
A
250 million years ago
19
Q
Who hypothesized Gondwana and when did that person hypothesized gondwana??
A
Eduard Seuss, mid-1800s
20
Q
Who hypothesized Gondwana and when did that person hypothesized gondwana??
A
Eduard Seuss, mid-1800s
21
Q
What are the different continents of gondwana today?
A
Africa, antartica, south amerca, australia, subcontinents of india
22
Q
what are the continents of laurasia? who said that laurasia was a precursor continent? when did that person say it?
A
asia, europe and north america. south african geologist Alexander du toit, 1927
23
Q
Pangea was surrounded by a single ocean called what?
A
Phantalasa
24
Q
made up of micro-continent which collide with gondwana
A
euramerica
25
have parts of north america in it were combined with euramerica. What continent is this?
Larentia
26
a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates
plate tectonics
27
known as father of the continental drift theory
alfred wegener
28
what was the book "the origin of continents and oceans" about and when was it published
About the beginning of modern plate tectonics, on 1915
29
why was alfred wegener's theory was not really widely accepted at first?
because the theory cannot further explain on why the plates are moving
30
a geological process in which the tectonic plates split apart from each other
seafloor spreading
31
who published "the history of ocean basins"? and when was it published
Harry Hess, 1962
32
how many major tectonics do we have? and they consist of how many primary plates and how manu smaller plates?
15 major tectonic plates, 7 primary plates, 8 smaller plates
33
what are the 7 primary plates
north american plate, pacific plate, antartic plate, south american plate, african plate, eurasian plate, australian plate
34
what are the 8 secondary plates?
philippine sea plate, juan de fuca plate, cocos plate, nazca plate, carribean plate, scotia plate, arabian plate, indian plate
35
a series of mountains or hill ranged in a line and connected by high ground
mountain range
36
a series of mountain ranges with similarity in structure
mountain belt
37
is formed due to the oozing up of materials along a divergent plate boundary
mid oceanic ridge
38
where is the mountain ranges and oceanic ranges located?
near the plate boundary
38
where is the mountain ranges and oceanic ranges located?
near the plate boundary
39
on what year did alfred wegener proposed the continental drfit
1912
40
is a n opening in the earth's crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape.
volcano
41
frequented by geologic activities and others associated phenoma such as volcanic eruptions, eathquakes, faultings and tsunamis among others.
pacific ring of fire
42
what are the two types of forces?
driving force and resisting force
43
these either push tectonic plates towards one another or pull them apart
driving forces
44
these act against the driving forces of plate tectonics?
resisting forces
45
what are the different types of driving force
mantle convection, slab pull, slab suction, ridge push
46
is caused by the rising heat from the core toward the mantle
mantel/thermal convection
47
drives the plates away from each other (mechanisms)
convection currents
48
it occurs when a subducting slab sinks into the mantle because of a difference in temperature?
slab pull
49
it occurs when the lithosphere is pushed up by the asthenosphere because of convection currents from the mantle.
ridge push
50
what is the difference between ridge push and slab pull?
in slab pull the gravity is pulling the front part of the plate, in ridge push it is forcing movement on the back end
51
happens between two colliding plates, one subducting underneath the other, whereby convection currents in the upper mantle stuck both plates down.
slab/trench suction
52
what are the driving forces on which gravity helps them to push or pull
ridge push and slab pull
53
what are the three types of resisting forces?
slab resistance, collisional resistance, transform fault resistance
54
“It is the force that resist all forces associated with plate movement in subduction zones.
slab resistance
55
It occurs when a heavy plate is pulled into the mantle but resist subduction because of friction.
COLLISIONAL RESISTANCE
56
It is the frictional force due to the opposing movement of plates moving past one another between two spreading centers
TRANSFORM FAULT RESISTANCE.”
57
what are the things that divergent boundaries can form?
New ocean floor
mid -oceanic ridges
Rift valleys
58
if one plate moves underneath the other.
subduction zone
59
if the two plates simply collide or compress.
orogenic belt
60
what are the three kinds of convergence?
Oceanic-oceanic collision
Oceanic-continental collision
Continental-continental collision
61
VOLCANIC ISLAND, TRENCH and UNDERWATER VOLCANOES are formed
oceanic-oceanic collision
62
As the denser oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate and descents into the mantle, the temperature increases causing the rocks to what?
to melt and form magma.
63
VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES and TRENCHES are formed
oceanic continental collision
64
what happens when two continental plates collide?
no subduction happens. Instead the continents unite themselves
65
refers to the shaking of the earth as a result of the breaking or shifting of the rocks of the tectonic plates.
earthquake
66
occur because of the pressure underneath Earth’s crust that pushes blocks of rocks to move along fault lines.
earthquakes
67
these are formed when molten rick (magma) deep within the earth erupts, and piles upon the surface
volcanic mountain ranges
68
what is magma called when it breaks through the earth's crust
lava
69
what kind of mountain or mountain ranges are Moana Loa in hawaii and mt. fuji in japan
Volcanic mountain range
70
these mountain ranges do not form because of earth's internal activity but because of rock erosion or weathering
erosion-formed mountain ranges
70
these mountain ranges do not form because of earth's internal activity but because of rock erosion or weathering
erosion-formed mountain ranges
71
what kind of mountain or mountain range is The appalachian plateu in eastern united states
erosion-formed mountain ranges
72
result from the upwarping of tectonic plates and are not accompanied by the collision of plate boundaries
Dome mountain ranges
73
What kind of mountain or mountain are adirondack mountains in new york and half dome in sierra nevada
dome mountain ranges
73
What kind of mountain or mountain are adirondack mountains in new york and half dome in sierra nevada
dome mountain ranges
74
these are formed by large crustal blocks when forces in the earth's crust, pull it apart
fault block mountain ranges
75
what kind of mountain or mountain range does the teton range in wyoming in usa and marinduque mountains in the philippines belong to?
fault block mountain ranges
76
a large landform that rises well above the ground and have steep slopes and a peek general higher than a hill
mountain
77
how do mountains and mountain ranges form?
because of the different forces of the earth. (orogenesis)
78
it refers to the process of forming mountain and mountain ranges
orogenesis
79
formed through plate convergence
fold mountains
80
when a continental plate is subducted beneath another continental plate, the immense forces of compression fold the crust to develop mountain ranges.
fold mountains
81
when a continental plate is subducted beneath another continental plate, the immense forces of compression fold the crust to develop mountain ranges.
fold mountains
82
formed after the indian and tibetian plate collided
the himalayas in asia
83
can also form when an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate
mountain ranges
84
remains of traces of plant and animal life, usually preserved in rocks or sediments
fossils
85
remains of traces of plant and animal life, usually preserved in rocks or sediments
fossils
86
where was glossopteris found?
south africa, australia and india
87
what is a glossopteris?
fossils of a seed fern
88
how did the fern grow in such a widely seperated continents?
scientist explained that at one time, these plants grew on a single landmass then broke apart
89
a pre-historic reptile that swam in freshwater ponds, lakes and rivers
Mesosaurus
90
Where was the fossils of mesosaurus found?
South america and africa
91
How could they swam thousands of kilometers across the antlantic ocean? ?
scientist explained that the animals lived in one landmass, then the landmass separated and some animals were left on each part
92
an extinct mammal-like reptile
cynogathus
93
what does the name cynogathus mean?
dog jaw
94
was as large as a modern wolf and lived during the early mid triassic period (250-240 million years ago)
cynogathus
95
where was cynogathus found?
south africa and south america
96
what does the name lystrosaurus mean?
shovel reptile
97
was dominant on land in the early triassic, 250 million years ago
lystrosaurus
98
it is thought to have been herbivourous and grew to approximately one meter in length with a stocky build like a pig
lystrosaurus
99
where was the fossils of lystrosaurus found?
antartica, india and south africa
