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Science 10 > Science 10 Full Review > Flashcards

Science 10 Full Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organelle is responsible for releasing energy?

A

The mitochondrion (or mitochondria)

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2
Q

What is the gel like fluid inside cells?

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

It is the “brain” of the cell, and directs it’s activities.

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4
Q

What organelles are unique to plant cells?

A

The chloroplast and cell wall.

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5
Q

What are the three major rules of cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of cells.The cell is the functioning unit of life.All cells come from preexisting cells.

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6
Q

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R)?

A

To transport materials around the cell.

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7
Q

What is the role of the golgi bodies?

A

To package proteins and move them throughout the cell.

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8
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

A sack of nutrients, waste, or water.

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9
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

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10
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

A specialized type of diffusion in which water particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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11
Q

Define Brownian Motion.

A

The small movements made by molecules due to their stored kinetic and thermal energy.

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12
Q

What is a lysosome, and what does one do?

A

An organelle that is also known as the “suicide sac”, for killing the cell if it is infected. It digests food, as well as repairing the cell membrane and fighting against pathogens.

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13
Q

What are the functions of a cell?

A

Intake of nutrientsMovementWaste removalExchange of gasesGrowthResponse to stimuliReproduction

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14
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They manufacture proteins, which are important to cell functions, so there are usually lots.

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15
Q

How does magnification work in microscopes?

A

The ocular lens is 10x, and multiplies by either 4, 10, or 100.

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16
Q

What’s the difference between hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic?

A

Isotonic is the same concentration of water as the solution through a semipermeable membrane, Hypertonic is low concentration, and Hypotonic has high concentration.

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17
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. There is also another phase called the “resting phase”, where cells only perform normal cell functions.

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18
Q

What are the corresponding letters for cell phases?

A

G0 (resting), G1 (duplication of organelles), S, (duplication of chromosomes), G2 (checking for mistakes unlike me),

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19
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growing, repairing, and reproduction (asexual)

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20
Q

How does mitosis differ in plant cells?

A

Plants don’t have centrioles, so they use vesicles from the golgi bodies, which also form the cell plate and eventually the cell wall.

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21
Q

How do you treat benign cancer?

A

Surgically remove it.

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22
Q

What’s the difference between chemotherapy and radiation treatment?

A

Chemotherapy is medicine that you take, whereas radiation is being bombarded with radiation to kill the cancer (and some of your own) cells.

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23
Q

In what stage does cancer occur?

A

Mutations during the S phase (copying chromosomes)

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24
Q

What are some differences between regular and cancerous cells?

A

Cancerous cells multiply faster, have larger nuclei than normal cells with coarse chromatin, and sometimes have multiple nuclei.

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25
Q

What is the name for cell suicide?

A

Apoptosis

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26
Q

What is it called when cancerous cells move around the body?

A

Becoming metastasized.

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27
Q

What three cells do not undergo mitosis (human cells)

A

Sperm, Eggs, and Nerve cells

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28
Q

When does cytokinesis occur?

A

After telophase

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29
Q

How many chromosomes does each cell have?

A

46, then 92 in early prophase, until the cell divides and creates two identical cells with 46 again.

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30
Q

What are centeromeres?

A

They are the orbs that connect each pair of sister chromatids.

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31
Q

How are stem cells different from other cells?

A

They can mitose without becoming specialized, or become specialized cells when exposed to the proper environment.

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32
Q

What is the plant equivalent of stem cells?

A

Meristematic cells.

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33
Q

What are the two types of stem cell?

A

Adult and Embryonic. Adult stem cells can only produce specific cells, whereas embryonic stem cells can become any type of cells or tissue.

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34
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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35
Q

What are epithelial tissue and where are they found?

A

They are the protective tissue that covers body cavities and organs (EX: Skin or stomach lining).

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36
Q

What is connective tissue and what does it do?

A

Connective tissue is the tissue that joins other tissues together, such as blood, collagen, or fat.

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37
Q

What are muscle tissues and what are the three types?

A

They are tissues that contract and relax that allow locomotion. There is skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle. ONLY SKELETAL IS VOLUNTARY.

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38
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Tissues that can transmit impulses and control what the different organs and tissues do.

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39
Q

What types of responses can nerve tissues trigger?

A

Glands, which secrete liquid, or Muscle response, which triggers spasms or voluntary movements.

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40
Q

What are the different types of plant tissue?

A

Meristematic, Epidermal, Ground, and Vascular.

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41
Q

What is plant meristematic tissue?

A

It is a tissue that divides by mitosis and allows growth of new parts of the plant.

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42
Q

What is plant epidermal tissue?

A

The waxy layer present on most plant surfaces that are exposed. It is a semipermable membrane (allows water and gas exchange)

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43
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

Ground tissue is what stores food and water in the roots, as well as being the site of photosynthesis in leaves and providing rigidity in the stem.

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44
Q

What are the two types of plant vascular tissue and how do they differ?

A

Xylem and Phloem. Xylem transports water up to the leaves, and phloem moves sugars and water both up and down depending on the season.

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45
Q

What are the organ systems of a plant?

A

The root and shoot.

46
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A

SkeltalNervousCirculatoryLymphatic (transporting lymph and removing fluid from tissues)RespiratoryEndocrine (Glands and hormones)Urinary/Excretory ReproductiveDigestiveMuscularIntegumentary (skin hair nails and teeth)

47
Q

What is the organ that allows for reproduction in plant cells?

A

Flowers

48
Q

On a diagram of the heart, which side is the left side?

A

The right one (I know, right?)

49
Q

Which chamber of the heart is on the top?

A

The atrium

50
Q

Which chamber of the heart is on the bottom?

A

The ventricles

51
Q

What is the name of the three valves that pump blood out of the heart?

A

The aorta

52
Q

What is the name of the artery that pumps blood to be oxygenated?

A

The pulmonary artery.

53
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are the small cells in blood involved in clotting.

54
Q

What are two examples of connective tissue?

A

Blood and ligaments (ligaments connect muscle to bone)

55
Q

What is medical imaging?

A

It is a test or diagnosis that doesn’t require invasive surgery, to diagnose or treat abnormalities in tissues, organs, and organ systems.

56
Q

What are 6 different examples of medical imaging tech?

A

X-raysUltrasoundsFluoroscopy (liquid + x-ray)Microscopy (taking a small sample and examining)CAT scansMRIs

57
Q

How does an X-ray work?

A

It bombards the patient with x-rays, after which only dense tissue will show up on the radiograph. So only bones and dense tissues show up, giving a clear view of fractures and bone cancer.

58
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A

A type of x-ray where the patient is injected or ingests a fluid that shows up on the X-ray. It shows movement and positioning of organs, because it uses a continuous beam.

59
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

It is an imaging tech that uses high frequency sound to visualize muscles, tendons, and internal organs.

60
Q

What is a CAT scan?

A

It is a special type of X-ray in which they use multiple cross-sections to make a 3D model/image of any part of the body. It shows internal organs, and is the preferred method of diagnosing cancer, strokes, kidney failure, etc.

61
Q

What is an MRI and how does it work?

A

It uses a powerful magnetic field to align hydrogen in the body and release it, making the hydrogen release energy. Then the computer interprets this energy and constructs an image.

62
Q

What is nuclear medicine?

A

Using a medicine that you take, radioisotopes get absorbed into certain tissues, showing up on camera or being processed by a computer.

63
Q

What are biophotonics?

A

🐍 up yo butt.(cameras that are inserted into orifices and used to actually SEE the problem)

64
Q

What is microscopy?

A

Taking a small sample of tissue or cells and studying them under a microscope for abnormalities. It has allowed biologists to diagnose strep throat, STDs, and others.

65
Q

What is biotech?

A

Any technological application that the biological systems of living organisms, to make or modify products of processes for a specific use.

66
Q

What is an organ transplant?

A

Taking an organ from a donor, and giving it to someone else who needs it. Most organs come from people who have died, who have been harvested. (HARVESTED… yeesh…)

67
Q

What are the two organs that you can donate without being dead?

A

The liver and one of your kidneys.

68
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal one. Biologists use a modified virus to carry the gene in and replace it. This is currently being trial tested on certain hereditary genetic diseases.

69
Q

What is cloning?

A

Creating a genetically identical copy of a cell, tissue, or organism.

70
Q

What is reproductive cloning?

A

Placing the nucleus from the donor body cell into an egg cell without a nucleus. This cell is then placed in a surrogate mother and birthed normally.

71
Q

What is gene cloning?

A

It is the transfer of a gene into a bacteria in order to make many copies of the gene. This is used in gene therapy.

72
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Harvesting embryonic stem cells and making more cells and tissues that are a match to a body in need.

73
Q

What percentage of light is reflected when light is refracted through a medium?

A

10%

74
Q

Is the angle of incidence greater or lesser than the critical angle?

A

It must be greater than the critical angle to achieve TIR.

75
Q

What is the name of an individual path of travel for light?

A

A ray.

76
Q

What does SALT stand for?

A

Size (smaller, larger, equal)Attitude (Upright/Inverted [upside down])Location (distance from mirror)Type (Virtual [behind mirror]/Real [in front of mirror])***ALL OF THESE APPLY TO THE IMAGE, NOT THE OBJECT

77
Q

What is the formula for light reflecting off of a surface?

A

Θi=Θr, meaning the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

78
Q

What does incandescence mean?

A

It is a type of luminescence in which electrical energy is put through a conductor called a filament. The electrical energy is then released in the form of radiant energy (heat and light)

79
Q

What is fluorescence?

A

It is a type of luminescence in which electrical energy passes through fluorine gas, and is turned into radiant energy.

80
Q

What is chemiluminescence?

A

It is a type of luminescence in which a chemical reaction causes the release of energy in the form of radiant energy.

81
Q

What is bioluminescence?

A

Chemiluminescence that takes place naturally within an organism.

82
Q

What is triboluminescence?

A

When strong chemical bonds (usually crystals) are broken quickly and release radiant energy for a fleeting moment. (wintogreen lifesavers)

83
Q

What is nuclear FISSION, and how does it produce light?

A

Nuclear fission is when an unstable nucleus breaks apart. The released energy is then output as light.

84
Q

What is nuclear FUSION, and how does it produce light?

A

Nuclear fusion is when two molecules fuse together to create another element. It normally occurs in stars because of the pressure created by their massive gravity fields, and produces light that hits planets and other objects.

85
Q

What is the difference between a luminescent object and a non-luminescent object?

A

Luminescent objects create their own light, whereas non-luminescent objects reflect light from luminescent objects.

86
Q

What are some low frequency waves?

A

Radiowaves, microwaves, infared

87
Q

What are some high frequency waves?

A

Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays

88
Q

In a wave, what is the highest point?

A

The crest.

89
Q

In a wave, what is the lowest point?

A

The trough.

90
Q

In a wave, what is the distance between the crest and the average of the waves called?

A

The amplitude.

91
Q

In a wave, what is the distance from crest-crest/trough-trough called?

A

The wavelength.

92
Q

The more energy, the ____ the wavelength.

A

The more energy, the shorter the wavelength.

93
Q

What material only transmits light?

A

Transparent materials (glass, air, pure water)

94
Q

What material transmits some light and reflects or absorbs the rest?

A

Translucent materials (frosted glass, waxed paper)

95
Q

What material does not allow light to pass through it, and reflects/absorbs the rest?

A

Opaque materials.

96
Q

What is the difference between regular and diffused reflection?

A

Regular reflection reflects an image perfectly, such as a mirror or shiny object. Diffused reflection is the regular reflection that we see normal, rough objects perform, and this is what causes us to see objects as having certain colours.

97
Q

What is the type of wave that light is associated with?

A

Electromagnetic radiation.

98
Q

What is the transfer of energy through space or matter?

A

Radiation.

99
Q

What is the difference between weather and climate?

A

Weather is just hings like the state of the weather, or the current temperature. Climate is the average weather conditions that occur over an area over a minimum of 30 years.

100
Q

What are the four main factors that affect climate?

A

Latitude, elevation, the air masses that flow over the area, and the area’s nearness to large bodies of water.

101
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

It’s the relatively thin layer of earth that is capable of supporting life.

102
Q

What are the major gases found in the atmosphere, and how much of each is there?

A

Nitrogen (78.08%) and oxygen (20.95%). The rest is made up of other gases (0.97%)

103
Q

What are the two types of particle found in the atmosphere, and what are some examples of each?

A

Abiotic and biotic, and examples include soil particles and soot (abiotic), and pollen and micro organisms?

104
Q

What is smog?

A

A compound word of smoke+fog. It occurs when soot particles combine with car exhaust.

105
Q

What are the four layers of the atmosphere?

A

The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.

106
Q

Where does weather take place in the atmosphere?

A

The troposphere.

107
Q

Where is most of the ozone contained within the atmosphere?

A

The stratosphere.

108
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The area of rock that extends from the crust down to the solid part of the upper mantle.

109
Q

How thick is the lithosphere?

A

5 km under oceans, to 100km under continents.

110
Q

Why do mountains affect climate?

A

The side the wind blows onto condenses water from the air, and the leeward side typically is dry.

111
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

The hydrosphere includes ALL OF THE WATER ON EARTH.

112
Q

How much of water on earth is either salt water or freshwater?

A

97% is saltwater, whereas the other 3% is freshwater. Not a lot comparatively speaking. And even then a ton of that is stored within glaciers that are melting and mixing with saltwater, sooooo….

Science 10 (7 decks)

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