Science 10: Finals Review Flashcards
1
Q
All organisms need?
A
1.Nutrients- Elements, molecules, gases, water.
2.Habitat or environment- with sustainable nutrients.
3.Energy- for activities, growth, and reproduction. The sun is energy for all ecosystems.
2
Q
Sustain (sustainability)
A
To allow something to continue for a long period of time.
3
Q
Ecosystem
A
Is all the organisms in an area that interact with each other and with their environment of energy and matter.
4
Q
Photosynthesis
A
Plants (and some micro-organisms) convert light engird into chemical energy (glucose). The energy is then transferred to the herbivores that eat the plants and the carnivores that eat the herbivores.
5
Q
Trophic
A
Energy
6
Q
Autotrophic
A
Self producer of energy.
7
Q
Heterotrophic
A
Consumer of energy.
8
Q
Food chain
A
Step-by-step chain linking organisms that feed on each other.
9
Q
Producers
A
Plants (photosynthesis)
10
Q
Consumers
A
Animals (and others) that feed on plants and on each other.
11
Q
Herbivores
A
Animals that eat plants.
12
Q
Carnivores
A
Animals that eat other animals.
13
Q
Herbivores
A
Animals that eat both plants and animals, such as humans, racoons, and bears.
14
Q
Detritus
A
Waste from plants and animals, including their dead remains.
15
Q
Decomposers
A
Organisms that break down detritus to get nutrients for their own use. (Bacteria, fungi).
16
Q
Habitat
A
Places where a species can live
17
Q
Ecology
A
The study of how organisms interact with each other.
18
Q
Abiotic
A
Non-living factors in the environment.
EX) Sunlight, atmosphere, (O2,CO2), H02, soil.
19
Q
Biotic
A
Any living thing.
EX) Bacteria, fungi, plants, animals.
20
Q
Population in an ecosystem
A
All the members of the same species living in the same ecosystem or habitat.
21
Q
Community
A
The collection of all the population of all the species in an ecosystem or habitat.
22
Q
Pyramid
A
It is used to represent three things in biology. This same is used because the base is wide and it narrows towards the top, showing a decrease.
23
Q
Pyramid of numbers
A
The number of organisms at each level of the food chain decreases as you go up the food chain.
24
Q
Pyramid of energy
A
The amount of energy available at each level of the food chain decreases as you go up the food chain.
25
The 10% law of energy transferred
Only about 10% of food energy is converted to new tissue, and is transferred to the next consumer. The other 90% is burned off and used for daily activities.
26
Pyramid of biomass
Is the total mass of a population of an organism in an area. The amount of biomass decreases as you go up the food chain.
27
Population
The size of a population changes according to the ecosystem conditions.
28
Carrying capacity
The largest population of a species that an environment can support.
29
What are the factors of carrying capacity?
1.Predators
2.Climate
3.Disease
4.Water
5.Population
6.Food
7.Parasites
30
What are the factors which have increased food production?
1.Irrigation-using rivers, lakes or ground water.
2.Fertilizers-liquid or solid nutrients added to the crops (nitrogen and phosphorus).
3.Pesticides- Chemical spray used to control pest (insects, weeds, rodents). These can harm the food chain. (Ex:DDT).
4.Monoculture-growing a single crop in a large area of land.
31
Biological magnification
The increase in concentration of a harmful substance as it moves up the food chain.
32
Density
The number of individuals per unit of space that they occupy. (20 ants per m2 or 20 ants/m2)
33
Rate of Population Change
How fast the population is changing with respect to time.
34
Nationality
Births in a population.
35
Ecotone
The transition zone or boundary between communities.
EX) Saskatchewan Parkland (diagram)
36
Morality
Deaths in a population.
37
Immigration
Movement into a population.
38
Immigration
Movement out of a population.
39
Extinct
A species that is no longer found anywhere.
Ex) Blue walleye
40
What are the causes of increase in human population?
1.Improved health care:antibiotics, vaccination.
2.Improved sanitation:cleanliness, water purification, sewage treatment.
3.Increased food or productivity: The average amounts of new plants biomass produced each ear in a given area.
(Lower death rate)
41
Endangered
A species that is close to extinction in all parts of Canada or in significantly large location.
Ex) Eastern Cougar
42
Extirpated
Any species that no longer exists in one part of Canada, but can be found in others.
Ex) Grizzly bear
43
Biodiversity
The number of species in an ecosystem.
44
Organic matter
Substances that contain the elements carbon joined to hydrogen.
Ex) sugars, fat, protein, DNA.
45
Inorganic matter
Substances that do not contain carbon joined to hydrogen.
Ex) water, salts, minerals.
46
Water cycle
All cells need water to dissolve oxygen and nutrients (cytoplasm).
47
Carbon cycle
Needed to make the organic molecules of carbohydrates (energy) fats, protein and DNA.
48
Nitrogen cycle
Needed to make proteins and DNA.
49
Evaporation
Liquid form to gas form.
50
Condensation
Gas to liquid.
51
Precipitation
Water returning to the surface.
52
Transpiration
Water loss by plants.
53
Lake
Fresh water, 1%.
54
Run-off
Flowing over the surface, 1%.
55
Ground water (aquifer)
Fresh water, 1%.
56
Water table
Top of ground water.
57
Ice
Fresh, 2%
58
Sublimation
Solid to gas
59
Oceans
Salt water, 97%, covers 70% Earths surface.
60
Parts of carbon cycle
N2
NH3
NO2
NO3
61
Photosynthesis
Equation: CO2 + H20 + light = C6H12O6 +O2
The glucose provides the plants and all other organisms with energy. The oxygen is related into the air, and is used by all organisms for cellular respiration.
62
Cellular respiration
All living cells carry out respiration.
Equation: O2 + C6H12O6 = CO2 + H20 + energy
Uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen as waste.
63
What are the factors that release carbon dioxide?
1.Power plants- electricity, coal.
2.Automobiles- gasoline 9oil/petroleum).
3.Factories, buildings- heating, natural gas.
4.Forest fires
64
Parts of carbon cycle
CO2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
Reaction A- Photosynthesis
Reaction B- Cellular Respiration
65
What are some possible effects of global warming?
-More severe storms
-Increased drought
-A warming, rising ocean
-Loss species
-Not enough food
66
Biome
A region of the world with a distinct climate, and unique plants and animals.
67
What are the factors that determine the climate?
1.Laditude- distance from the equator.
2.Location in relation to the ocean- the oceans keeps the temperature more stable, and cause more precipitation.
3.Local geography- such was mountains, plains, large bodies of water.
68
What are the 7 major biomes?
1.Tropical rainforest
2.Temperate forest (deciduous forest)
3.Grassland (prairie)
4.Coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga)
5.Savanna
6.Desert
7.Tundra
69
Littoral zone
The area extending out from the lakeshore to the points where the plants rooted in the bottom of the lake can no longer be seen.
70
Limnetic zone
The area of the open lake where there is enough light for photosynthesis to occur.
71
Profundal zone
The region beneath the limnetic zone, where there is not enough light for photosynthesis to occur.
72
Oligotrophic lake
Deep
Cold
Water is very clear
73
Eutropic lake
Shallow
Warm
Murky Water
74
Effects of acid rain
statues- dissolves the marble.
cars- corrodes the metal, dull paint.
buildings- damages the concrete.
medical effects- respiratory problems, skin/eye irritation.
trees- damage leaves directly, tissue of trees become more susceptible to fungi or bacterial infections.
bacteria- kills bacteria.
moss- promotes the growth of acid-loving plants.
fish- kills fish and other aquatic life.
75
Highest average precipitation biome
Tropical Rain Forest
76
Lowest average precipitation biome
Desert
77
Highest average temperature biome
Tropical Rain Forest
78
Lowest average temperature biome
Tundra
79
Cheetahs and lions are found in what biome?
Savana
80
Oak or maple trees that loose their leaves are part of what biome?
Deciduous Forest
81
Grasses, bison, grasshoppers, coyotes, and jackrabbits are part of what biome?
Temperate Grassland
82
Grasses, caribou, arctic fox, reindeer, ptarmigan are part of what biome?
Tundra
83
Name 2 biomes that could be found in the tropics (tropical zone).
-Tropical Rain Forest
-Savanna
84
Name 3 biomes that could be found in the temperate zone.
-Coniferous Forest
-Temperate Grassland
-Deciduous Forest
85
Which biome has the highest notherly latitude?
Tundra
86
Name 4 biomes found in Canada.
-Coniferous Forest
-Temperate Grasslands
-Tundra
-Deciduous Forest
87
What are the two main biomes in Saskatchewan?
-Temperate Grasslands
-Coniferous Forest
88
Atom
The smallest units that make up all matter (solids, liquids, gas). There are 92 different types of natural atoms called elements.
89
Element
One type of atom that cannot be broken down or changed into another substance.
Ex) Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen.
90
Symbols
The first letter is capitalized, and if a second letter is used, it is lower case.
O- oxygen
Ca- calcium
N- nitrogen
Pb- lead
91
Molecules
Any two or more atoms bonded together. The atoms can be of the same, or different elements.
Ex) Co2, O2
92
Formulas
The chemical symbols used to write molecules. Symbols are used to show the element, and numbers are used to show how many atoms of that element.
93
Compound
Two or more atoms of different elements bonded together.
Ex) NaCl, NO, H2O (O2 is not a compound)
94
Diatomic molecule
A molecule that is made of only two atoms.
Ex) I2, H2, CO
95
Ions
An atom that has become positively or negatively charged.
Ex) Na+, Cl-, O2-
96
Radicals
A molecule that has a positive or negative charge.
Ex) OH-, PO43-
97
Atomic Number
The number of protons. It determines the type of element.
98
Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. These particles make up the mass of the atom. Round this number to the nearest whole number.
99
Neutrons
To calculate neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the mass number.
100
Electrons
In a neutral atom, the positive and negative atoms will be equal.
101
Positive charge (positive ion)
When there are more protons than electrons.
102
Negative charge (negative ion)
When they're more electrons than protons.
103
Isotopes
Two or more atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons. Protons and electrons are the same.
104
Oxyacids
Compounds with H joined to a polyatomic that has 0.
105
Word equation
A way to represent a chemical reaction, that tells you what reacts and what is produced.
106
Skelton equation
It is a representative of chemical reaction in which the formulas of the reactants and products are placed in the equation.
107
Balanced chemical equation
An equation in which the reactants and products contain equal atoms of each type.
108
Coefficient
Is a number written in front of a chemical symbol. It shows the number of atoms or molecules of that substance.
109
2 examples of acids and bases in their proper position
1.5- stomach acid
4- tomatoes
7- neutral
11- ammonia cleaner
13.5- drain cleaner
110
Combustion
The very rapid reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce compounds called oxides. Often called burning.
111
Synthesis reaction
Involve the combination of smaller atoms and or molecules into larger molecules.
112
Decomposition reaction
Involve he splitting of a large molecule into events or smaller molecules.
113
Single displacement reaction
Are chemical changes that involve an element and a compound as reactants. Once lent displaces or replaces another element from a compound.
114
Double displacement reaction
Occur when elements in different compounds displace each other or exchange places.
115
Temperature
Th higher the temperature, the faster the speed of reaction (less time).
116
Surface area
The greater the surface area, the faster the reaction.
117
Concentration
Is the amount of reacting molecules in a given space.
118
Weather
Is the set of environmental conditions encountered from day to day.
119
Climate
Is the set of environmental conditions averaged over many years.
120
Longitude
Is the angle measured east or west from the 0* line, which passes through Greenwich, England.
121
Latitude
Is the angle measure north or south of the equator.
122
Radiation
Is the transfer of energy by waves.
123
Electromagnetic spectrum
The set of waves that can travel through empty space at the speed of light.
124
What are the waves of electromagnetic spectrum?
1. Infrared (heat)- longer wavelength
2. Visible light (ROYGBV)- mid-wavelength
3. Ultraviolet- shorter wave length
125
Conduction
Is the transfer of energy through the collision of particles. (best in solids)
126
Convection and advection
Are the transfer of energy by the movement of particles in a fluid. (liquids/gases)
127
Albedo
The amount of reflected energy. Snow has a high albedo, while soil has a low albedo.
128
Heat sink
Any object or material that absorbs energy and becomes warmer. The ocean is a good heat sink, while soil and rocks are not.
129
Heat capacity
Is the measure of how much heat in a object or material is released as the temperature decreases. Water has a high heat capacity, and soil and rocks have a low heat capacity.
130
Specific heat capacity (SHC)
The amount of heat need to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance, by 1* c.
-Measure in J/g/*C
EX0
1. Water = 4.18
2. Sea water = 3.89
3. Mud = 2.51
4. Brick= 0.84
5. Ethanol = 2.46
131
Spring equinox
-March 21
-12 h of day and 12 h of night.
-The sun is perpendicular (90*) to the equator.
132
Summer solstice
-June 21
-Longest daylight hours in the northern hemisphere.
-The sun is 90* to the Tropic of Cancer.
-Above the arctic circle has 24 h of light
133
Autumnal equinox
-September 21
-12 h of day and 12 h of night.
-Sun is 90* to the equator.
134
Winter solstice
-December 21
-Shortest daylight hours in the northern hemisphere.
-The sun is 90* to the Tropic of Capricorn.
-Below the Antarctic Circle has 24 h of light.
-Above the Arctic Circle has 0 h of light.
135
Atmosphere
Is the blanket of air and moisture that surrounds Earth.
136
Altitude
Is the height above sea level, usually measure in meters or kilometres.
137
Troposphere
0 - 10 km
15* - (60*)
-All the weather occurs here.
138
Stratosphere
10 - 50 km
-60* - (-30*)
-Has the ozone layer (O3)
139
Mesosphere
50 - 90 km
-30* - (-90*)
-Meteors burn up
140
Thermosphere
90 - 180 km
-90* - 200*
-Has the aurora and atomic oxygen (O).
141
Temperature gradient
The change of temperature over a distance.
142
Atmospheric pressure
Is the pressure the air exerts as gravity pulls it towards the centre of the earth.
143
Pressure gradient
Is a measure of the amount the atmospheric pressure changes across a set distance.
144
Wha is the name for the height of the wave?
Amplitude
145
What percentage of solar energy is absorbed by the Earth? Reflected?
70% absorbed
30% reflected
146
What is the name for the bump and the dip in wave structure?
bump- crest
dip- trough
147
Prevailing winds
Winds that affect large areas.
148
Coriolis effect
The effect of the spinning Earth on wind/ocean patterns.
149
Jet streams
Are high-speed winds I the upper regions of the troposphere.
150
If you live in Canada, what is the dominant prevailing win pattern?
Mid-latitude westerly prevailing winds.
151
If you live in Mexico, what is the dominant prevailing wind patterns?
Easterly trade winds.
152
What happens to the density or thickness of the atmosphere as you increase altitude?
The air has more pressure as thin air experts less pressure than air at a lower altitude.
153
Cumulus
Puffy clouds that often have flat bases.
154
Stratus
Layers of clouds that appear consistent and endless.
155
Cirrus
Clouds that contain ice crystals. Usually look like feathers or horse tails.
156
Nimbo or nimbus
A name attached to a cloud type that may cause precipitation.
157
Alto
A prefix which means middle level.
158
Stratus clouds
800 - 1000 m
-Layered cloud, often has precipitation
159
Stratocumulus clouds
1000 - 1500 m
-Layered and puffy.
160
Cumulus clouds
1000 - 2000 m
-Puffy clouds, individual.
161
Cumulonimbus clouds
1000 - 7000 m
-Puffy clouds with precipitation, lighting, hail, and tornadoes.
162
Altocumulus clouds
3000 - 5000 m
-Fluffy middle level clouds.
163
Altostratus clouds
3000 - 4000 m
-Layered of middle level clouds.
164
Cirrus clouds
7000 - 8000 m
-Contain ice crystals, look like feathers.
165
Cirrocumulus clouds
6000 - 7000 m
-Fluff ice crystal clouds.
166
Cirrostratus clouds
7000 - 8000 m
-Layered ice crystal clouds.
167
Convective cloud formation
Solar radiation heats the ground. The group heats the air by conduction. As the air becomes warm, it expands and becomes less dense. Therefore it rises.
168
Frontal cloud formation
Two air masses of different temperatures meet. The cooler air mass slide under the warm air mass. It pushes the warm air mass to higher altitudes, where the temperature is cooler.
169
Orographic cloud formation
A moving air mass meets a mountain range. It rises over the mountains. As it rises, it expands and cools. Often it reaches its dew point temperature.
170
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