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Science 10 > Science 10: Finals Review > Flashcards

Science 10: Finals Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All organisms need?

A

1.Nutrients- Elements, molecules, gases, water.
2.Habitat or environment- with sustainable nutrients.
3.Energy- for activities, growth, and reproduction. The sun is energy for all ecosystems.

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2
Q

Sustain (sustainability)

A

To allow something to continue for a long period of time.

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

Is all the organisms in an area that interact with each other and with their environment of energy and matter.

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4
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Plants (and some micro-organisms) convert light engird into chemical energy (glucose). The energy is then transferred to the herbivores that eat the plants and the carnivores that eat the herbivores.

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5
Q

Trophic

A

Energy

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6
Q

Autotrophic

A

Self producer of energy.

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7
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Consumer of energy.

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8
Q

Food chain

A

Step-by-step chain linking organisms that feed on each other.

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9
Q

Producers

A

Plants (photosynthesis)

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10
Q

Consumers

A

Animals (and others) that feed on plants and on each other.

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11
Q

Herbivores

A

Animals that eat plants.

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12
Q

Carnivores

A

Animals that eat other animals.

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13
Q

Herbivores

A

Animals that eat both plants and animals, such as humans, racoons, and bears.

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14
Q

Detritus

A

Waste from plants and animals, including their dead remains.

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15
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that break down detritus to get nutrients for their own use. (Bacteria, fungi).

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16
Q

Habitat

A

Places where a species can live

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17
Q

Ecology

A

The study of how organisms interact with each other.

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18
Q

Abiotic

A

Non-living factors in the environment.
EX) Sunlight, atmosphere, (O2,CO2), H02, soil.

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19
Q

Biotic

A

Any living thing.
EX) Bacteria, fungi, plants, animals.

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20
Q

Population in an ecosystem

A

All the members of the same species living in the same ecosystem or habitat.

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21
Q

Community

A

The collection of all the population of all the species in an ecosystem or habitat.

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22
Q

Pyramid

A

It is used to represent three things in biology. This same is used because the base is wide and it narrows towards the top, showing a decrease.

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23
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

The number of organisms at each level of the food chain decreases as you go up the food chain.

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24
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

The amount of energy available at each level of the food chain decreases as you go up the food chain.

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25
Q

The 10% law of energy transferred

A

Only about 10% of food energy is converted to new tissue, and is transferred to the next consumer. The other 90% is burned off and used for daily activities.

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26
Q

Pyramid of biomass

A

Is the total mass of a population of an organism in an area. The amount of biomass decreases as you go up the food chain.

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27
Q

Population

A

The size of a population changes according to the ecosystem conditions.

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28
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The largest population of a species that an environment can support.

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29
Q

What are the factors of carrying capacity?

A

1.Predators
2.Climate
3.Disease
4.Water
5.Population
6.Food
7.Parasites

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30
Q

What are the factors which have increased food production?

A

1.Irrigation-using rivers, lakes or ground water.
2.Fertilizers-liquid or solid nutrients added to the crops (nitrogen and phosphorus).
3.Pesticides- Chemical spray used to control pest (insects, weeds, rodents). These can harm the food chain. (Ex:DDT).
4.Monoculture-growing a single crop in a large area of land.

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31
Q

Biological magnification

A

The increase in concentration of a harmful substance as it moves up the food chain.

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32
Q

Density

A

The number of individuals per unit of space that they occupy. (20 ants per m2 or 20 ants/m2)

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33
Q

Rate of Population Change

A

How fast the population is changing with respect to time.

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34
Q

Nationality

A

Births in a population.

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35
Q

Ecotone

A

The transition zone or boundary between communities.
EX) Saskatchewan Parkland (diagram)

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36
Q

Morality

A

Deaths in a population.

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37
Q

Immigration

A

Movement into a population.

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38
Q

Immigration

A

Movement out of a population.

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39
Q

Extinct

A

A species that is no longer found anywhere.
Ex) Blue walleye

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40
Q

What are the causes of increase in human population?

A

1.Improved health care:antibiotics, vaccination.
2.Improved sanitation:cleanliness, water purification, sewage treatment.
3.Increased food or productivity: The average amounts of new plants biomass produced each ear in a given area.
(Lower death rate)

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41
Q

Endangered

A

A species that is close to extinction in all parts of Canada or in significantly large location.
Ex) Eastern Cougar

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42
Q

Extirpated

A

Any species that no longer exists in one part of Canada, but can be found in others.
Ex) Grizzly bear

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43
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number of species in an ecosystem.

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44
Q

Organic matter

A

Substances that contain the elements carbon joined to hydrogen.
Ex) sugars, fat, protein, DNA.

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45
Q

Inorganic matter

A

Substances that do not contain carbon joined to hydrogen.
Ex) water, salts, minerals.

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46
Q

Water cycle

A

All cells need water to dissolve oxygen and nutrients (cytoplasm).

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47
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Needed to make the organic molecules of carbohydrates (energy) fats, protein and DNA.

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48
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Needed to make proteins and DNA.

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49
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid form to gas form.

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50
Q

Condensation

A

Gas to liquid.

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51
Q

Precipitation

A

Water returning to the surface.

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52
Q

Transpiration

A

Water loss by plants.

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53
Q

Lake

A

Fresh water, 1%.

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54
Q

Run-off

A

Flowing over the surface, 1%.

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55
Q

Ground water (aquifer)

A

Fresh water, 1%.

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56
Q

Water table

A

Top of ground water.

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57
Q

Ice

A

Fresh, 2%

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58
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid to gas

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59
Q

Oceans

A

Salt water, 97%, covers 70% Earths surface.

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60
Q

Parts of carbon cycle

A

N2
NH3
NO2
NO3

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61
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Equation: CO2 + H20 + light = C6H12O6 +O2
The glucose provides the plants and all other organisms with energy. The oxygen is related into the air, and is used by all organisms for cellular respiration.

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62
Q

Cellular respiration

A

All living cells carry out respiration.
Equation: O2 + C6H12O6 = CO2 + H20 + energy
Uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen as waste.

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63
Q

What are the factors that release carbon dioxide?

A

1.Power plants- electricity, coal.
2.Automobiles- gasoline 9oil/petroleum).
3.Factories, buildings- heating, natural gas.
4.Forest fires

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64
Q

Parts of carbon cycle

A

CO2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
Reaction A- Photosynthesis
Reaction B- Cellular Respiration

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65
Q

What are some possible effects of global warming?

A

-More severe storms
-Increased drought
-A warming, rising ocean
-Loss species
-Not enough food

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66
Q

Biome

A

A region of the world with a distinct climate, and unique plants and animals.

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67
Q

What are the factors that determine the climate?

A

1.Laditude- distance from the equator.
2.Location in relation to the ocean- the oceans keeps the temperature more stable, and cause more precipitation.
3.Local geography- such was mountains, plains, large bodies of water.

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68
Q

What are the 7 major biomes?

A

1.Tropical rainforest
2.Temperate forest (deciduous forest)
3.Grassland (prairie)
4.Coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga)
5.Savanna
6.Desert
7.Tundra

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69
Q

Littoral zone

A

The area extending out from the lakeshore to the points where the plants rooted in the bottom of the lake can no longer be seen.

70
Q

Limnetic zone

A

The area of the open lake where there is enough light for photosynthesis to occur.

71
Q

Profundal zone

A

The region beneath the limnetic zone, where there is not enough light for photosynthesis to occur.

72
Q

Oligotrophic lake

A

Deep
Cold
Water is very clear

73
Q

Eutropic lake

A

Shallow
Warm
Murky Water

74
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

statues- dissolves the marble.
cars- corrodes the metal, dull paint.
buildings- damages the concrete.
medical effects- respiratory problems, skin/eye irritation.
trees- damage leaves directly, tissue of trees become more susceptible to fungi or bacterial infections.
bacteria- kills bacteria.
moss- promotes the growth of acid-loving plants.
fish- kills fish and other aquatic life.

75
Q

Highest average precipitation biome

A

Tropical Rain Forest

76
Q

Lowest average precipitation biome

A

Desert

77
Q

Highest average temperature biome

A

Tropical Rain Forest

78
Q

Lowest average temperature biome

A

Tundra

79
Q

Cheetahs and lions are found in what biome?

A

Savana

80
Q

Oak or maple trees that loose their leaves are part of what biome?

A

Deciduous Forest

81
Q

Grasses, bison, grasshoppers, coyotes, and jackrabbits are part of what biome?

A

Temperate Grassland

82
Q

Grasses, caribou, arctic fox, reindeer, ptarmigan are part of what biome?

A

Tundra

83
Q

Name 2 biomes that could be found in the tropics (tropical zone).

A

-Tropical Rain Forest
-Savanna

84
Q

Name 3 biomes that could be found in the temperate zone.

A

-Coniferous Forest
-Temperate Grassland
-Deciduous Forest

85
Q

Which biome has the highest notherly latitude?

A

Tundra

86
Q

Name 4 biomes found in Canada.

A

-Coniferous Forest
-Temperate Grasslands
-Tundra
-Deciduous Forest

87
Q

What are the two main biomes in Saskatchewan?

A

-Temperate Grasslands
-Coniferous Forest

88
Q

Atom

A

The smallest units that make up all matter (solids, liquids, gas). There are 92 different types of natural atoms called elements.

89
Q

Element

A

One type of atom that cannot be broken down or changed into another substance.
Ex) Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen.

90
Q

Symbols

A

The first letter is capitalized, and if a second letter is used, it is lower case.
O- oxygen
Ca- calcium
N- nitrogen
Pb- lead

91
Q

Molecules

A

Any two or more atoms bonded together. The atoms can be of the same, or different elements.
Ex) Co2, O2

92
Q

Formulas

A

The chemical symbols used to write molecules. Symbols are used to show the element, and numbers are used to show how many atoms of that element.

93
Q

Compound

A

Two or more atoms of different elements bonded together.
Ex) NaCl, NO, H2O (O2 is not a compound)

94
Q

Diatomic molecule

A

A molecule that is made of only two atoms.
Ex) I2, H2, CO

95
Q

Ions

A

An atom that has become positively or negatively charged.
Ex) Na+, Cl-, O2-

96
Q

Radicals

A

A molecule that has a positive or negative charge.
Ex) OH-, PO43-

97
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons. It determines the type of element.

98
Q

Mass number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. These particles make up the mass of the atom. Round this number to the nearest whole number.

99
Q

Neutrons

A

To calculate neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the mass number.

100
Q

Electrons

A

In a neutral atom, the positive and negative atoms will be equal.

101
Q

Positive charge (positive ion)

A

When there are more protons than electrons.

102
Q

Negative charge (negative ion)

A

When they’re more electrons than protons.

103
Q

Isotopes

A

Two or more atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons. Protons and electrons are the same.

104
Q

Oxyacids

A

Compounds with H joined to a polyatomic that has 0.

105
Q

Word equation

A

A way to represent a chemical reaction, that tells you what reacts and what is produced.

106
Q

Skelton equation

A

It is a representative of chemical reaction in which the formulas of the reactants and products are placed in the equation.

107
Q

Balanced chemical equation

A

An equation in which the reactants and products contain equal atoms of each type.

108
Q

Coefficient

A

Is a number written in front of a chemical symbol. It shows the number of atoms or molecules of that substance.

109
Q

2 examples of acids and bases in their proper position

A

1.5- stomach acid
4- tomatoes
7- neutral
11- ammonia cleaner
13.5- drain cleaner

110
Q

Combustion

A

The very rapid reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce compounds called oxides. Often called burning.

111
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

Involve the combination of smaller atoms and or molecules into larger molecules.

112
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Involve he splitting of a large molecule into events or smaller molecules.

113
Q

Single displacement reaction

A

Are chemical changes that involve an element and a compound as reactants. Once lent displaces or replaces another element from a compound.

114
Q

Double displacement reaction

A

Occur when elements in different compounds displace each other or exchange places.

115
Q

Temperature

A

Th higher the temperature, the faster the speed of reaction (less time).

116
Q

Surface area

A

The greater the surface area, the faster the reaction.

117
Q

Concentration

A

Is the amount of reacting molecules in a given space.

118
Q

Weather

A

Is the set of environmental conditions encountered from day to day.

119
Q

Climate

A

Is the set of environmental conditions averaged over many years.

120
Q

Longitude

A

Is the angle measured east or west from the 0* line, which passes through Greenwich, England.

121
Q

Latitude

A

Is the angle measure north or south of the equator.

122
Q

Radiation

A

Is the transfer of energy by waves.

123
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

The set of waves that can travel through empty space at the speed of light.

124
Q

What are the waves of electromagnetic spectrum?

A
  1. Infrared (heat)- longer wavelength
  2. Visible light (ROYGBV)- mid-wavelength
  3. Ultraviolet- shorter wave length
125
Q

Conduction

A

Is the transfer of energy through the collision of particles. (best in solids)

126
Q

Convection and advection

A

Are the transfer of energy by the movement of particles in a fluid. (liquids/gases)

127
Q

Albedo

A

The amount of reflected energy. Snow has a high albedo, while soil has a low albedo.

128
Q

Heat sink

A

Any object or material that absorbs energy and becomes warmer. The ocean is a good heat sink, while soil and rocks are not.

129
Q

Heat capacity

A

Is the measure of how much heat in a object or material is released as the temperature decreases. Water has a high heat capacity, and soil and rocks have a low heat capacity.

130
Q

Specific heat capacity (SHC)

A

The amount of heat need to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance, by 1* c.
-Measure in J/g/*C
EX0
1. Water = 4.18
2. Sea water = 3.89
3. Mud = 2.51
4. Brick= 0.84
5. Ethanol = 2.46

131
Q

Spring equinox

A

-March 21
-12 h of day and 12 h of night.
-The sun is perpendicular (90*) to the equator.

132
Q

Summer solstice

A

-June 21
-Longest daylight hours in the northern hemisphere.
-The sun is 90* to the Tropic of Cancer.
-Above the arctic circle has 24 h of light

133
Q

Autumnal equinox

A

-September 21
-12 h of day and 12 h of night.
-Sun is 90* to the equator.

134
Q

Winter solstice

A

-December 21
-Shortest daylight hours in the northern hemisphere.
-The sun is 90* to the Tropic of Capricorn.
-Below the Antarctic Circle has 24 h of light.
-Above the Arctic Circle has 0 h of light.

135
Q

Atmosphere

A

Is the blanket of air and moisture that surrounds Earth.

136
Q

Altitude

A

Is the height above sea level, usually measure in meters or kilometres.

137
Q

Troposphere

A

0 - 10 km
15* - (60*)
-All the weather occurs here.

138
Q

Stratosphere

A

10 - 50 km
-60* - (-30*)
-Has the ozone layer (O3)

139
Q

Mesosphere

A

50 - 90 km
-30* - (-90*)
-Meteors burn up

140
Q

Thermosphere

A

90 - 180 km
-90* - 200*
-Has the aurora and atomic oxygen (O).

141
Q

Temperature gradient

A

The change of temperature over a distance.

142
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Is the pressure the air exerts as gravity pulls it towards the centre of the earth.

143
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Is a measure of the amount the atmospheric pressure changes across a set distance.

144
Q

Wha is the name for the height of the wave?

A

Amplitude

145
Q

What percentage of solar energy is absorbed by the Earth? Reflected?

A

70% absorbed
30% reflected

146
Q

What is the name for the bump and the dip in wave structure?

A

bump- crest
dip- trough

147
Q

Prevailing winds

A

Winds that affect large areas.

148
Q

Coriolis effect

A

The effect of the spinning Earth on wind/ocean patterns.

149
Q

Jet streams

A

Are high-speed winds I the upper regions of the troposphere.

150
Q

If you live in Canada, what is the dominant prevailing win pattern?

A

Mid-latitude westerly prevailing winds.

151
Q

If you live in Mexico, what is the dominant prevailing wind patterns?

A

Easterly trade winds.

152
Q

What happens to the density or thickness of the atmosphere as you increase altitude?

A

The air has more pressure as thin air experts less pressure than air at a lower altitude.

153
Q

Cumulus

A

Puffy clouds that often have flat bases.

154
Q

Stratus

A

Layers of clouds that appear consistent and endless.

155
Q

Cirrus

A

Clouds that contain ice crystals. Usually look like feathers or horse tails.

156
Q

Nimbo or nimbus

A

A name attached to a cloud type that may cause precipitation.

157
Q

Alto

A

A prefix which means middle level.

158
Q

Stratus clouds

A

800 - 1000 m
-Layered cloud, often has precipitation

159
Q

Stratocumulus clouds

A

1000 - 1500 m
-Layered and puffy.

160
Q

Cumulus clouds

A

1000 - 2000 m
-Puffy clouds, individual.

161
Q

Cumulonimbus clouds

A

1000 - 7000 m
-Puffy clouds with precipitation, lighting, hail, and tornadoes.

162
Q

Altocumulus clouds

A

3000 - 5000 m
-Fluffy middle level clouds.

163
Q

Altostratus clouds

A

3000 - 4000 m
-Layered of middle level clouds.

164
Q

Cirrus clouds

A

7000 - 8000 m
-Contain ice crystals, look like feathers.

165
Q

Cirrocumulus clouds

A

6000 - 7000 m
-Fluff ice crystal clouds.

166
Q

Cirrostratus clouds

A

7000 - 8000 m
-Layered ice crystal clouds.

167
Q

Convective cloud formation

A

Solar radiation heats the ground. The group heats the air by conduction. As the air becomes warm, it expands and becomes less dense. Therefore it rises.

168
Q

Frontal cloud formation

A

Two air masses of different temperatures meet. The cooler air mass slide under the warm air mass. It pushes the warm air mass to higher altitudes, where the temperature is cooler.

169
Q

Orographic cloud formation

A

A moving air mass meets a mountain range. It rises over the mountains. As it rises, it expands and cools. Often it reaches its dew point temperature.

170
Q
A
170
Q
A
171
Q
A

Science 10 (4 decks)

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