Science 10 - Chemistry Flashcards
What is Chemistry?
Study of Matter’s: properties, changes or transformations.
What is Matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
What is a Pure Substance?
All particles that make a substance is the same.
What is an Element?
Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
What is a Compound?
Pure substances that contain two or more different elements in fixed proportions.
What are the Physical Properties of Matter?
- Melting Point / Boiling Point
- Colour
- Odour
- Density
- Lustre
- Does not change chemical properties
What is Chemical Properties?
A characteristic behaviour that occurs when a substance changes into a new substance.
What are the Chemical Changes?
- New substance is formed
- Gas released
- Colour change
- Heat or light given off
- Difficult to reverse
How do you spot the Degree of Danger?
The amount of sides the bored has. If there is more sides, it is more dangerous.
What is the Periodic Table?
A structured arrangement of elements that helps us to explain and predict physical and chemical changes.
Periods VS Groups
Groups : Vertical
Periods : Horizontal
What are Chemical Families?
Groups of elements in the same vertical column or group.
What are the Chemical Families?
Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids, Halogens and Noble Gases
What is an Proton?
Positive charge located in the nucleus
What is a Neutron?
Neutral charge located in the nucleus
What is a Electron?
Negative charge located the electron cloud.
How many electrons can be in the first shell of a Bohr Diagram?
Two
What is Valence Shell?
The last electron orbit on a Bohr diagram.
What is an Ion?
Elements changing due to a change in electron numbers.
What do all elements want to do?
Have a complete valance shell.
If it loses electrons, it becomes _____. This is a positive charge.
Cation
If it gains electrons, it becomes _____. This is a negative charge.
Anion
What are Chemical Formulas?
A combination of symbols that represent a particular compound.
What are Ionic Compounds?
Formed by the transfer of electrons from one metal to one non-metal.
What are Molecular Compounds?
Formed when non-metals share electrons with other non-metals. The sharing becomes a covenant compound.
What does Binary mean?
Two elements together.
How do we write non-metals?
We alter the second name of the metal and add -ide to it.
What are the Rules for Writing Formulas?
Rule One ) Write the symbols of the elements and have the metal come first.
Rule Two ) Write the ionic charges above the symbols as subscripts.
Rule Three ) Choose the number of ions needed to balance the charge.
Rule Four ) Write the formula using subscripts. Lowest terms.
What Roman Numeral is this: IV ?
Four
What Roman Numeral is this: VII ?
Seven
What Roman Numeral is this: III ?
Three
What Roman Numeral is this: V ?
Five
What Roman Numeral is this: II ?
Two
Some special cations have the ability to have _____ _____. When these are presented you must put their name in brackets.
Multiple charges
What are the rules for solving Atoms with More than One Charge?
Rule One ) Write the symbols of the elements and have the metal come first.
Rule Two ) Write the ionic charges above the symbols as subscripts. (Roman Numeral is the metal’s charge)
Rule Three ) Choose the number of ions needed to balance the charge.
Rule Four ) Write the formula using subscripts. Lowest terms.
What are Polyatomic Compounds?
Groups of atoms that tend to stay together and cary an over all charge.
What are the rules for solving Polyatomic Compounds?
Rule One ) Write the symbols of the elements and have the metal come first.
Rule Two ) Write the ionic charges above the symbols as subscripts.
Rule Three ) Choose the number of ions needed to balance the charge.
Rule Four ) Write the formula using subscripts. Lowest terms. However, you do not reduce their set subscript.
If you need to have multiple Polyatomic Compounds of the same kind, you do what to it?
Put brackets over the select polyatomic.
When naming a Polyatomic Compound, what happens?
You do not change anything nor do you write the charge.
What is a Covalent bond?
A shared pair of electrons held between two non-metal atoms that hold the atom together as a molecule.
What is Combining Capacity?
Is a measure of the number of covalent bonds that a non-metal will need to form a stable molecule.
What is under the 4 category?
Carbon & Silicon
What is under the 3 category?
Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Arsenic
What is under the 2 category?
Oxygen, Sulphur & Selenium
What is under the 1 category?
Hydrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine & Idoine
What are the rules for solving a Covalent Bond?
Rule 1 ) Write the symbol with the far left element from the table on the left.
Rule 2 ) Place the Combining Capacity above each symbol
Rule 3 ) Crisscross the Combining Capacity to produce subscripts
Rule 4 ) Reduce and eliminate any “1” subscripts.
What are the prefix of naming Molecular Compounds? (From 1 - 10)
Mono- (1)
Di- (2)
Tri- (3)
Tetra- (4)
Penta- (5)
Hexa- (6)
Hepta- (7)
Octa- (8)
Nona- (9)
Deca- (10)
What is special about the prefix ‘Mono’?
Mono is only used on the second element and NEVER on the first one.
What do you do at the end of a non-metal? (For Molecular Compounds)
Alter and use -ide.
How do you write the formulas of Molecular Compounds?
The given name will have subscripts given by the prefixes.
What are Word Equations?
One way of representing a chemical reaction : it tells what reacts and what is produced.
all reactants > all products
What are the Diatomic Molecules?
HOFbrINCL
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
In a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants is always equal to the total mass of the products.
What are the procedures for Balancing Chemical Equations?
Step 1 ) Write the word equation
Step 2 ) Write the skeleton equations (Check for Diatomics)
Step 3 ) Count the number of each type of each atom / polyatomic in the reactants and products.
Step 4 ) Multiply each of the formulas by the appropriate coefficients to balance the number of atoms.
You cannot change the chemical formula.
What are Combustion Reactions? Think of a- CHO!
Balance Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen in that order.
What are Combustion Reactions? Think of a- CHO!
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water
Balance Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen in that order.
What are Synthesis Reactions?
A + B > AB
What are Decomposition Reactions?
AB > A + B
What are Single Displacement Reactions?
X + AB > XB + A
Cations replace cations and anions replace anions.
What are Double Displacement Reactions?
AB + XY > AY + XB
Cations are always written first.
What are the Rates of Reaction?
Temperature, Concentration, Surface Area & Catalysts
What is Collision Theory?
The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by the number of collisions of reactants molecules.
What is Temperature (involving Collision Theory)?
Temperature determines the average speed of the molecules (high temp. faster molecule)
What is Concentration (involving Collision Theory)?
How much solute (solid) us in a solvent (liquid) will pack the molecules (and that will determine collisions)
What is Surface Area (involving Collision Theory)?
The amount of surface area a molecule can react with will change the amount of collisions. (ex : powder and water vs pill and water)
What is Catalysts (involving Collision Theory)?
Anything that speeds up collisions. However, is not a reactant it self.
