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S1 | Grade 10 Finals (Jan. 24 - 27, 2023) > Science 10 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Science 10 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Chemistry?

A

Study of Matter’s: properties, changes or transformations.

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2
Q

What is Matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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3
Q

What is a Pure Substance?

A

All particles that make a substance is the same.

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4
Q

What is an Element?

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

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5
Q

What is a Compound?

A

Pure substances that contain two or more different elements in fixed proportions.

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6
Q

What are the Physical Properties of Matter?

A
  • Melting Point / Boiling Point
  • Colour
  • Odour
  • Density
  • Lustre
  • Does not change chemical properties
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7
Q

What is Chemical Properties?

A

A characteristic behaviour that occurs when a substance changes into a new substance.

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8
Q

What are the Chemical Changes?

A
  • New substance is formed
  • Gas released
  • Colour change
  • Heat or light given off
  • Difficult to reverse
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9
Q

How do you spot the Degree of Danger?

A

The amount of sides the bored has. If there is more sides, it is more dangerous.

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10
Q

What is the Periodic Table?

A

A structured arrangement of elements that helps us to explain and predict physical and chemical changes.

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11
Q

Periods VS Groups

A

Groups : Vertical
Periods : Horizontal

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12
Q

What are Chemical Families?

A

Groups of elements in the same vertical column or group.

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13
Q

What are the Chemical Families?

A

Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids, Halogens and Noble Gases

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14
Q

What is an Proton?

A

Positive charge located in the nucleus

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15
Q

What is a Neutron?

A

Neutral charge located in the nucleus

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16
Q

What is a Electron?

A

Negative charge located the electron cloud.

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17
Q

How many electrons can be in the first shell of a Bohr Diagram?

A

Two

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18
Q

What is Valence Shell?

A

The last electron orbit on a Bohr diagram.

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19
Q

What is an Ion?

A

Elements changing due to a change in electron numbers.

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20
Q

What do all elements want to do?

A

Have a complete valance shell.

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21
Q

If it loses electrons, it becomes _____. This is a positive charge.

A

Cation

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22
Q

If it gains electrons, it becomes _____. This is a negative charge.

A

Anion

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23
Q

What are Chemical Formulas?

A

A combination of symbols that represent a particular compound.

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24
Q

What are Ionic Compounds?

A

Formed by the transfer of electrons from one metal to one non-metal.

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25
Q

What are Molecular Compounds?

A

Formed when non-metals share electrons with other non-metals. The sharing becomes a covenant compound.

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26
Q

What does Binary mean?

A

Two elements together.

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27
Q

How do we write non-metals?

A

We alter the second name of the metal and add -ide to it.

28
Q

What are the Rules for Writing Formulas?

A

Rule One ) Write the symbols of the elements and have the metal come first.

Rule Two ) Write the ionic charges above the symbols as subscripts.

Rule Three ) Choose the number of ions needed to balance the charge.

Rule Four ) Write the formula using subscripts. Lowest terms.

29
Q

What Roman Numeral is this: IV ?

A

Four

30
Q

What Roman Numeral is this: VII ?

A

Seven

31
Q

What Roman Numeral is this: III ?

A

Three

32
Q

What Roman Numeral is this: V ?

A

Five

33
Q

What Roman Numeral is this: II ?

A

Two

34
Q

Some special cations have the ability to have _____ _____. When these are presented you must put their name in brackets.

A

Multiple charges

35
Q

What are the rules for solving Atoms with More than One Charge?

A

Rule One ) Write the symbols of the elements and have the metal come first.

Rule Two ) Write the ionic charges above the symbols as subscripts. (Roman Numeral is the metal’s charge)

Rule Three ) Choose the number of ions needed to balance the charge.

Rule Four ) Write the formula using subscripts. Lowest terms.

36
Q

What are Polyatomic Compounds?

A

Groups of atoms that tend to stay together and cary an over all charge.

37
Q

What are the rules for solving Polyatomic Compounds?

A

Rule One ) Write the symbols of the elements and have the metal come first.

Rule Two ) Write the ionic charges above the symbols as subscripts.

Rule Three ) Choose the number of ions needed to balance the charge.

Rule Four ) Write the formula using subscripts. Lowest terms. However, you do not reduce their set subscript.

38
Q

If you need to have multiple Polyatomic Compounds of the same kind, you do what to it?

A

Put brackets over the select polyatomic.

39
Q

When naming a Polyatomic Compound, what happens?

A

You do not change anything nor do you write the charge.

40
Q

What is a Covalent bond?

A

A shared pair of electrons held between two non-metal atoms that hold the atom together as a molecule.

41
Q

What is Combining Capacity?

A

Is a measure of the number of covalent bonds that a non-metal will need to form a stable molecule.

42
Q

What is under the 4 category?

A

Carbon & Silicon

43
Q

What is under the 3 category?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Arsenic

44
Q

What is under the 2 category?

A

Oxygen, Sulphur & Selenium

45
Q

What is under the 1 category?

A

Hydrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine & Idoine

46
Q

What are the rules for solving a Covalent Bond?

A

Rule 1 ) Write the symbol with the far left element from the table on the left.

Rule 2 ) Place the Combining Capacity above each symbol

Rule 3 ) Crisscross the Combining Capacity to produce subscripts

Rule 4 ) Reduce and eliminate any “1” subscripts.

47
Q

What are the prefix of naming Molecular Compounds? (From 1 - 10)

A

Mono- (1)
Di- (2)
Tri- (3)
Tetra- (4)
Penta- (5)
Hexa- (6)
Hepta- (7)
Octa- (8)
Nona- (9)
Deca- (10)

48
Q

What is special about the prefix ‘Mono’?

A

Mono is only used on the second element and NEVER on the first one.

49
Q

What do you do at the end of a non-metal? (For Molecular Compounds)

A

Alter and use -ide.

50
Q

How do you write the formulas of Molecular Compounds?

A

The given name will have subscripts given by the prefixes.

51
Q

What are Word Equations?

A

One way of representing a chemical reaction : it tells what reacts and what is produced.
all reactants > all products

52
Q

What are the Diatomic Molecules?

A

HOFbrINCL
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine

53
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

A

In a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants is always equal to the total mass of the products.

54
Q

What are the procedures for Balancing Chemical Equations?

A

Step 1 ) Write the word equation

Step 2 ) Write the skeleton equations (Check for Diatomics)

Step 3 ) Count the number of each type of each atom / polyatomic in the reactants and products.

Step 4 ) Multiply each of the formulas by the appropriate coefficients to balance the number of atoms.

You cannot change the chemical formula.

55
Q

What are Combustion Reactions? Think of a- CHO!

A

Balance Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen in that order.

56
Q

What are Combustion Reactions? Think of a- CHO!

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water
Balance Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen in that order.

57
Q

What are Synthesis Reactions?

A

A + B > AB

58
Q

What are Decomposition Reactions?

A

AB > A + B

59
Q

What are Single Displacement Reactions?

A

X + AB > XB + A
Cations replace cations and anions replace anions.

60
Q

What are Double Displacement Reactions?

A

AB + XY > AY + XB
Cations are always written first.

61
Q

What are the Rates of Reaction?

A

Temperature, Concentration, Surface Area & Catalysts

62
Q

What is Collision Theory?

A

The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by the number of collisions of reactants molecules.

63
Q

What is Temperature (involving Collision Theory)?

A

Temperature determines the average speed of the molecules (high temp. faster molecule)

64
Q

What is Concentration (involving Collision Theory)?

A

How much solute (solid) us in a solvent (liquid) will pack the molecules (and that will determine collisions)

65
Q

What is Surface Area (involving Collision Theory)?

A

The amount of surface area a molecule can react with will change the amount of collisions. (ex : powder and water vs pill and water)

66
Q

What is Catalysts (involving Collision Theory)?

A

Anything that speeds up collisions. However, is not a reactant it self.

S1 | Grade 10 Finals (Jan. 24 - 27, 2023) (10 decks)

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