Science 1 and Science 2

Question 1

Why is science difficult to define?

Answer 1

Even the best science of the day have gaps in knowledge. Babylonians believed that stars were gods. Newton used cosmological providentialism in operations to explain gaps.

Question 2

Going further back in the past results in decreased/increased teleology and decreased/increased divine interventionism and providentialism.

Answer 2

Both increased.

Question 3

Coming closer to the present results in decreased/increased dysteleology and decreased/increased natural laws and no need for divine action explanations.

Answer 3

Both increased.

Question 4

When did the post-modern epistemological crisis happen?

Answer 4

The 1950’s.

Question 5

What is the post-modern epistemological crisis?

Answer 5

Breakdown of the modernity and the rise of post-modernity. Professionalism of the history and philosophy of science.

Question 6

What movement would challenge that science is purely objective, and say that science is much more personal and social?

Answer 6

Post-modern epistemological crisis.

Question 7

When was the Principia Mathematica published?

Answer 7

1687.

Question 8

Newton accepts teleology, theism, intelligent design, and divine action. True or false?

Answer 8

True.

Question 9

What gap in Newton’s knowledge was filled by teleological views?

Answer 9

Wobbles in the orbits of Saturn and Mercury.

Question 10

What is the role of oral tradition, according to Lindberg?

Answer 10

Formed the ideas about science in a pre-literate society.

Question 11

“Oral tradition’s primary function is to explain and justify, and supply the community with a ___ ___.” -David C. Lindberg

Answer 11

Social charter.

Question 12

What is De Novo Creation?

Answer 12

Creation is both quick and complete, rapid origins into fully formed. inanimate structures and living creatures, and characteristic of Divine Action in most ancient accounts of origins.

Question 13

Genesis 1 is a De Novo Creation account. Why would God allow this?

Answer 13

To accommodate to the people’s ancient understanding of science.

Question 14

“If such non-literal, non-chronological usage seems strange to us, that is ___ ___ and our challenge to understand. The text [the Bible] is, after all, our teacher.” -Lloyd R. Bailey

Answer 14

Our problem.

Question 15

Modern science (aka modernity) started in ___.

Answer 15

1600 or 17th Century.

Question 16

What is modern science/modernity?

Answer 16

A method to study nature.

Question 17

What is Newton’s Reformation Theory?

Answer 17

God corrects planetary wobbles.

Question 18

When was Sir Francis Bacon’s Novum Organum published?

Answer 18

1620.

Question 19

Novum Organum is latin for…

Answer 19

New Instrument.

Question 20

What did Sir Francis Bacon introduce in his book Novum Organum?

Answer 20

Induction.

Question 21

According to Bacon, what is induction?

Answer 21

Particular facts to general principles.

Question 22

What is the opposite of induction?

Answer 22

Deduction, which goes from general principles to particular facts.

Question 23

“Neither a philosophy of the ___ ___ nor a philosophy of the ___ ___ will do for our time. Only an approach that is resolutely guided by the question ‘What is what?’ will avoid reading mysteries into the facts, as well as refrain from impoverishing them by reduction to something less than experience attests them to be.” -Herbert Feigl

Answer 23

Something more, nothing but.

Question 24

What is scientism’s metaphysical blind spot?

Answer 24

Metaphysics is equated to teleology, when in fact, dysteleology is also a metaphysic.

Question 25

What does Feigl fail to recognize in his belief?

Answer 25

He does not recognize the metaphysics-physics principle, and does not realize that his belief of scientism also makes his jump.

Question 26

Who was Bertrand Russell?

Answer 26

A man who depicted the rein and attitude of scientism between 1900 and 1950.

Question 27

“…all the labours of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday brightness of human genius, are destined to extinction in the vast death of the solar system…all these things, if not quite beyond dispute, are yet so ___ ___, then no philosophy which rejects them can hope to stand.” -Bertrand Russell

Answer 27

Nearly certain.

Question 28

What is the 50 year rule?

Answer 28

It takes about 50 years for major concepts to change, because people have to die. Science-religion dialogue appears in the mid-1990’s, 45 years after Feigl’s paper.

Question 29

“Philosophers long made a mummy of science. When they finally unwrapped the cadaver and saw the remnants of a historical process of becoming and discovering, they created for themselves a ___ ___ ___. That happened around 1960.” -Ian Hacking

Answer 29

Crisis of rationality.

Question 30

When was it evident that science is a historical process, and not pure Objective Truth?

Answer 30

1960’s (can be rounded to 1950).

Question 31

Who is John Polkinghorne?

Answer 31

A theoretical physicist who rejected the popular triumphalist view of science.

Question 32

Science is not equal to truth. Who would most likely disagree with this statement?

Answer 32

John Polkinghorne.

Question 33

Science is “theory laden,” both at the ___ and the ___ level.

Answer 33

Social, personal.

Question 34

Realism, intelligibility, verisimilitude, tentative & historically progressive, interconnectedness & fruitfulness, circumscription, counter-intuitiveness, human factor, primacy, and practice of day-to-day scientists are all features of…

Answer 34

Critical realism.

Question 35

Realism is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 35

We are not trapped in the matrix.

Question 36

Intelligibility is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 36

The universe and life make sense.

Question 37

Verisimilitude is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 37

Scientific knowledge is probably true.

Question 38

Tentative & historically progressive is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 38

Scientific knowledge becomes more accurate over time.

Question 39

Interconnectiveness & fruitfulness is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 39

Scientific knowledge is interconnected and can lead to new explanations and predictions.

Question 40

Circumscription is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 40

Physical world is knowable at different levels.

Question 41

Counter-intuitveness is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 41

Common sense intellectual categories may be insufficient in science.

Question 42

Human factors is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 42

Scientific knowledge is influenced by personal and social factors.

Question 43

Primacy of nature is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 43

Nature ultimately dictates science.

Question 44

Practice of day-to-day scientists is a feature of critical realism. What is it?

Answer 44

Though they may not be fully aware of the categories of critical realism, they use these categories.

Question 45

What is critical realism?

Answer 45

A new philosophy of science that is embraced by many science religion scholars. A humble approach.