Science 08 Term 2

Question 1

What is biology the study of?

Answer 1

The study of living things

Question 2

What are the characteristics of living things?

Answer 2

• Movement
  
  • Reproduce
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity
  • Grow
  • Excrete
  • Nutrition
  • They can die

There are many common characteristics that living things have such as the ones listed, but, the only unique characteristic that makes living things different from non-living things is that they are made up of one or more cells

Question 3

what is a cell?

Answer 3

They are mostly microscopic and you need a microscope to see them
* Some are large enough to see. The largest cells are eggs
* Cells are the smallest functioning unit of living things

Question 4

Identify the hierarchal relationship between cells, tissues, organs, systems and multicellular organisms

Answer 4

Cells: These are the basic units of life. Cells can exist independently in unicellular organisms, or they can be part of a larger multicellular organism. In multicellular organisms, similar cells are grouped together to perform specific functions1.
Tissues: A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function. There are various types of tissues in the body, such as epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue2.
Organs: Organs are structures made up of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform specific tasks. For example, the heart is an organ composed of muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue2.
Organ Systems: Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions. For instance, the digestive system includes organs like the stomach and intestines that work together to process food2.
Multicellular Organisms: At the highest level of organization, we have multicellular organisms, which are composed of various organ systems working together to sustain life. An organism is a complete, individual living entity capable of independent existence1.

Question 5

What is the respiratory system?

Answer 5

he respiratory system is a system of organs that work together for 2 main functions
1. To get oxygen from the air into the blood
2. To get carbn dioxide from blood out into the air

Question 6

Why is the respiratory system important?

Answer 6

• Oxygen is required by the body for cellular respiration the process by which it reacts with glucose to release energy to keep you alive
  
  • So, all of your cells need to have a constant supply of oxygen
  • One product of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide
  • The body needs to get rid of carbon dioxide as it becomes toxic if allowed to build up.

Question 7

What is Oxygens job in the respiratory system?

Answer 7

Absorbed into the blood from the air by the respiratory system

Question 8

What is Glucoses job in the respiratory system?

Answer 8

Absorbed into the blood from food by the digestive system

Question 9

What is waters job in the respiratory system?

Answer 9

Released to the environment mostly by the excretory system (you pee it out

Question 10

What is Carbon dioxide job in the respiratory system?

Answer 10

Removed from the blood and released into the air by the respiratory system

Question 11

Using the image of the respiratory system, label the parts

Answer 11

Left side Right side
Nasal cavity alveoli
nose Left bronchus
mouth bronchiole
Oral cavity Left lung
epiglottis
pharynx
larynx
trachea
Right bronchus
Right lung
diaphragm

Question 12

What does the Nasal Cavity/ nose do?

Answer 12

1. Warms and humdifies the air as you breathe
2. removes bad bacteria from the air protecting you from infection
3. Lets you have a sense of smell

Question 13

What does the mouth/ oral cavity do?

Answer 13

Breathing, talking, chewing, tasting, eating and drinking

Question 14

What does the epiglottis do?

Answer 14

1. Prevents food from going to the lungs
2. allows you to swallow safely
3. Coughing reflex

Question 15

What does the Pharynx (throat) do?

Answer 15

1. directs the air coming into the throat
2. delivers food to the oesophagus

Question 16

What does the Larynx (voice box) do?

Answer 16

1. Voice production
2. breathing
3. Protects food from entering wrong areas

Question 17

What does the trachea do?

Answer 17

1. Commonly known as windpipe
2. Trap dust particles so they don’t go in the lungs
3. Keeps the air warm

Question 18

What does the right bronchus do?

Answer 18

1. conducts air
2. distributes air

Question 19

What does the right lung do?

Answer 19

the right lung is essential for breathing, protecting against environmental hazards, regulating blood pH, and contributing to various physiological processes that support overall health.

Question 20

What does the diaphragm do?

Answer 20

The diaphragm is essential for breathing, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, aiding circulation, supporting various bodily functions that require increased abdominal pressure, and assisting in speech and singing.

Question 21

What does the alveoli do?

Answer 21

the alveoli are essential for efficient gas exchange, providing a large surface area, a thin diffusion barrier, a moist environment, and producing surfactant to prevent collapse. They play a vital role in maintaining proper oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and, consequently, in supporting overall respiratory and metabolic functions.

Question 22

What does the left bronchus do?

Answer 22

In summary, the left bronchus plays a vital role in conducting air to the left lung, distributing it evenly to the lung’s lobes, protecting the respiratory system from foreign particles, maintaining structural integrity to ensure an open airway, and regulating airflow to the left lung.

Question 23

What does the bronchioles do?

Answer 23

bronchioles are vital for conducting air to the alveoli, regulating airflow, protecting the lungs from harmful particles, preparing air for gas exchange, and responding to physiological and environmental changes to optimize breathing efficiency.

Question 24

What does the left lung do?

Answer 24

the left lung is essential for efficient gas exchange, protecting against environmental hazards, regulating blood pH, warming and humidifying inhaled air, participating in metabolic functions, aiding in voice production, and accommodating the heart within the thoracic cavity.

Question 25

What gases do you inhale?

Answer 25

oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide

Question 26

What gases do you exhale?

Answer 26

Nitrogen, Oxygen, carbon dioxide, other gases

Question 27

What happens to the diaphragm when you breathe?

Answer 27

The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing.
Contraction of the diaphragm during inhalation increases the volume of the chest cavity, causing inhalation.
Relaxation of the diaphragm during exhalation decreases the volume of the chest cavity, causing exhalation.
The movement of the diaphragm is coordinated with the action of other respiratory muscles, such as the intercostal muscles, to facilitate efficient breathing.

Question 28

What is diffusion

Answer 28

diffusion is the movement of molecules or particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by the concentration gradient. It is a passive process crucial for the transport of substances in living organisms and various natural processes.

Question 29

What is the function of the digestive system in animals?

Answer 29

The digestive system in animals processes food to extract nutrients and energy, while also eliminating waste.

Question 30

What are the key structures of the digestive system and their sequence?

Answer 30

The key structures of the digestive system, in sequence, are: mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, anus, gall bladder, pancreas, and liver.

Question 31

What are the functions of the key structures in the digestive system?

Answer 31

Mouth: Chews food and begins mechanical digestion. - Stomach: Secretes acids and enzymes to break down food chemically and mechanically. - Small Intestine: Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. - Large Intestine: Absorbs water and salts; forms and expels feces. - Liver: Produces bile to aid in digestion and detoxifies substances. - Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones. - Gall Bladder: Stores bile produced by the liver. - Rectum and Anus: Control elimination of waste.

Question 32

How are digestive processes classified?

Answer 32

Digestive processes can be classified as either chemical (involving enzymes and acids) or physical/mechanical (involving chewing, mixing by stomach muscles).

Question 33

What is the role of physical digestion in the digestive process?

Answer 33

Physical digestion breaks down food into smaller particles, increasing its surface area. This aids in chemical digestion because enzymes can then more effectively break down the food into nutrients.

Question 34

What is the role of enzymes in digestion?

Answer 34

Enzymes catalyze the breakdown of large molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.

Question 35

How do diffusion processes occur in the digestion system?

Answer 35

Diffusion allows nutrients to move from the digestive tract into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.

Question 36

How do the digestive systems of herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores differ?

Answer 36

Herbivores have longer digestive tracts to digest plant material efficiently. - Carnivores have shorter digestive tracts adapted for quickly digesting meat. - Omnivores have a mix of adaptations for both plant and animal matter digestion.

Question 37

What enzymes catalyze the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats?

Answer 37

• Proteins: Proteases (e.g., pepsin, trypsin). - Carbohydrates: Amylases (e.g., salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase). - Fats: Lipases (e.g., pancreatic lipase).

Question 38

What are the products of protein and carbohydrate breakdown in the body?

Answer 38

• Proteins break down into amino acids. - Carbohydrates break down into simple sugars (glucose, fructose).

Question 39

What are the main parts of a light microscope?

Answer 39

The main parts include: eyepiece (ocular lens), stage, base, light source, objective lens, coarse and fine focus knobs, and iris diaphragm.

Question 40

What does “field of view” mean in microscopy?

Answer 40

The field of view is the visible area seen through the microscope’s eyepiece.

Question 41

How does the field of view change with increasing magnification?

Answer 41

As magnification increases, the field of view decreases, meaning you see less of the specimen but in greater detail.

Question 42

How is total magnification calculated with multiple lenses?

Answer 42

Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece (ocular lens).

Question 43

What is the use of a scanning electron microscope?

Answer 43

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface structure of specimens at high magnifications and resolutions.

Question 44

What are the three principles of the cell theory?

Answer 44

• All living organisms are composed of cells. - The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. - Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 45

How do unicellular and multicellular organisms differ?

Answer 45

• Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell that performs all functions of life. - Multicellular organisms are composed of multiple cells that are specialized to perform specific functions.

Question 46

What is a specialised cell?

Answer 46

A specialised cell is a cell that is adapted to perform a specific function or role within a multicellular organism.

Question 47

What process do all cells undergo for energy production?

Answer 47

All cells undergo cellular respiration to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy.

Question 48

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 48

The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) → 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) + ATP (energy).

Question 49

How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ?

Answer 49

• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. - Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 50

What are the functions of plant and animal organelles?

Answer 50

• Plant cell organelles: Cell wall (provides structure and support), cell membrane (regulates what enters and exits the cell), chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis), mitochondria (produces ATP), vacuole (stores water and nutrients), nucleus (controls cell activities). - Animal cell organelles: Cell membrane (regulates what enters and exits the cell), nucleus (contains genetic material), mitochondria (produces ATP), endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) (synthesizes proteins and lipids), Golgi apparatus (packages and processes proteins).

Question 51

How do plant and animal cells differ in structure?

Answer 51

• Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, which animal cells lack. - Animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes, which plant cells typically lack.

Question 52

What are examples of specialised animal cells and their functions?

Answer 52

• Blood cells (carry oxygen and nutrients), nerve cells (transmit signals), reproductive cells (produce gametes), lung epithelial cells (facilitate gas exchange).

Question 53

What are examples of specialised animal cells and their functions?

Answer 53

• Blood cells: Carry oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. - Nerve cells: Transmit signals throughout the nervous system. - Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells): Facilitate reproduction. - Lung epithelial cells: Facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.

Question 54

What are examples of specialised plant cells and their functions?

Answer 54

• Palisade cells: Found in leaves, they are packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis. - Epidermal cells: Form the outer layer of plant tissues, protecting against water loss and pathogens. - Root hair cells: Increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil. - Phloem cells: Transport sugars and organic nutrients throughout the plant. - Xylem cells: Transport water and minerals from roots to leaves. - Guard cells: Regulate the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange and water regulation.

Question 55

Why do specialised cells have different structures?

Answer 55

Specialised cells have different structures to perform specific functions efficiently. For example, nerve cells have long extensions (axon and dendrites) to transmit signals over long distances, while red blood cells are small and flexible to transport oxygen through narrow blood vessels.

Question 56

What is the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?

Answer 56

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. They contain chlorophyll and other pigments that capture light energy. This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.

Question 57

How do guard cells control the stomata and what is their role in gas and water exchange?

Answer 57

Guard cells surround stomata openings on plant leaves. They control the size of the stomatal pore by changing shape in response to environmental conditions and plant needs. When turgid (filled with water), they cause the stomata to open, allowing for gas exchange (CO2 uptake and oxygen release) and water vapor release during transpiration. When they lose water and become flaccid, the stomata close to prevent excessive water loss. This regulation helps maintain proper gas exchange and water balance in plants.