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sci final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

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2
Q

Ionic bond

A

A type of chemical bond that occurs when one atom transfers electrons to another atom to create ions that are then attracted to each other due to opposite charges.

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3
Q

Periodic table

A

A tabular arrangement of the elements according to their increasing atomic number.

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4
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

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5
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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6
Q

Mendeleev

A

A Russian chemist who is credited with the discovery of the periodic law.

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7
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation.

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8
Q

Radiant energy

A

Energy carried by waves of light.

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9
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves in a given unit of time, usually measured in hertz (Hz).

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10
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between two adjacent crests or troughs of a wave.

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11
Q

Gamma rays

A

High-energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive materials.

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12
Q

X-rays

A

High-energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation that is able to penetrate solids and cause ionization.

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13
Q

Ultraviolet radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light.

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14
Q

Visible light

A

Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen by the human eye.

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15
Q

Infrared radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves.

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16
Q

Microwaves

A

Long-wavelength electromagnetic radiation that has frequencies between those of radio waves and infrared radiation.

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17
Q

Radio waves

A

Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation that has wavelengths longer than microwaves.

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18
Q

Eyepiece

A

The lens on top of the microscope that you look through.

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19
Q

low power objective lens

A

The low-power objective lens further magnifies the image, up to 4.

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20
Q

Stage

A

The flat platform where you place your slides.

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21
Q

Coarse focusing knob

A

The large knob used to move the stage up and down to bring the slide into focus.

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22
Q

Fine focusing knob

A

The smaller knob used for fine tuning the focus once the coarse focus has been achieved.

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23
Q

Arm

A

The portion of the microscope that connects the lenses to the base.

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24
Q

Base

A

The bottom portion of the microscope that provides stability.

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25
Q

Sclera

A

White part of the eye that provides structural support and protection

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26
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the pupil

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27
Q

Pupil

A

Small, circular opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye

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28
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the iris that focuses light onto the retina

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29
Q

Retina

A

Thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells responsible for detecting light

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30
Q

Rod cells

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that detect low levels of light

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31
Q

Cone cells

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and high visual acuity

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32
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain

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33
Q

Pangaea

A

Supercontinent that existed approximately 335 million years ago during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.

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34
Q

Continental drift

A

The gradual movement of the continents over time.

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35
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle.

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36
Q

Fossil evidence

A

Remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms that provide evidence of past geological events.

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37
Q

Gondwana

A

Southern part of Pangaea that included Africa, South America, Antarctica, India, and Australia.

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38
Q

Laurentia

A

Northern part of Pangaea that included North America, Greenland, and parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Scandinavia.

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39
Q

Cell

A

The smallest unit of life that can survive and reproduce on its own.

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40
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex organelles.

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41
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A type of cell that possesses a membrane-bound nucleus and complex organelles.

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42
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

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43
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The outer boundary of a cell that regulates the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment.

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44
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid portion of a cell that houses the organelles and various molecules.

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45
Q

Nucleus

A

The membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell.

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46
Q

Mitochondria

A

The organelles responsible for producing ATP, the energy currency of a cell.

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47
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

The organelle responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids within a cell.

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48
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or use within a cell.

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49
Q

Lysosomes

A

The organelles responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances within a cell.

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50
Q

Vacuoles

A

The organelles responsible for maintaining turgor pressure and storing various molecules within a cell.

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51
Q

anterior cavity

A

at the front of the eye, and is divided into two parts: anterior chamber( the front) , and the posterior chamber (the back).

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52
Q

aqueous humor

A

a clear water that refracts light, inflates the eyeball so it keeps its shape, provides nutrients for the cells

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53
Q

cornea

A

is transparent, refracts light into the eye

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54
Q

suspensory ligaments (zonule of zinn)

A

elastic proteins that connect the lens to the ciliary muscle

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55
Q

ciliary muscle/body

A

will pull or relax to change the shape of the lens, and it allows us to focus at different distances

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56
Q

conjunctiva

A

a protective tissue under the eyelid that seals off the back of the eye. prevents debris or germs to from entering the back of the eye

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57
Q

inferior rectus muscle

A

the lower muscle that helps point the eye in different directions

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58
Q

posterior cavity

A

back of the eye

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59
Q

vitreous humor

A

clear liquid inside the posterior cavity. same liquid as in the aqueous humor

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60
Q

optic disc

A

where the optic nerve is attached to the eyeball. is also known as the blind spot. processes information given by the retina and sends it down the optic nerve via nerve impulses. no rods or cones

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61
Q

central retinal vein (blue)

A

inside the optic nerve. takes away blood and wastes from the eye

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62
Q

central retinal artery (red)

A

inside optic nerve. brings blood, food, oxygen to the eye

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63
Q

macula

A

5mm diameter. has lots of comes and is made for detail vision

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64
Q

fovea

A

the center of the macula, and is for fine detail vision

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65
Q

choroid

A

middle layer of the eye, contains blood vessels

66
Q

superior rectus muscle

A

upper muscle used to point your eye in different directions

67
Q

medium power objective lens

A

The medium-power objective lens further magnify the image, from 10X.

68
Q

high-power objective lens

A

The high-power objective lens further magnify the image, from 40.

69
Q

nosepiece

A

The nosepiece holds the objectives and can be turned to change from one objective to another.

70
Q

body tube

A

The body tube maintains the correct distance between the eyepiece and the objectives. This dis-tance is usually about 25 cm (10 in.), the normal distance for reading and viewing objects with the naked eye.

71
Q

stage clips

A

The stage clips secure the slide in position for viewing.

72
Q

light source

A

The light source provides light for viewing the image.

72
Q

light source

A

The light source provides light for viewing the image.

73
Q

cell wall

A

The cell wall is a tough, rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and gives the cell a regular, box-like shape. The cell wall acts as armor to protect the cell.

74
Q

cell membrane

A

A thin layer of fat and proteins that act as a barrier that surrounds and protects the cell

75
Q

chloroplast

A

The chloroplast traps the energy from the Sun and changes it into chemical energy.

76
Q

Ribosomes

A

Each ribosome is like a small factory that manufactures proteins

77
Q

metal: periodic table

A

elements found on the left side of the staircase

78
Q

non-metals: periodic table

A

elements on the right side of the staircase

79
Q

metalloids: periodic table

A

elements that behave as both non-metals and metals

80
Q

periods: periodic table

A

periods: there are 7 rows, and the bottom 2 periods belong to the periods 6 and 7

81
Q

families: periodic table

A

there are 18 columns/groups/families. certain families are in the same column because they react the same way

82
Q

alkali metals

A

most reactive metal only needs to release 1 electron to react group 1

83
Q

alkaline earth metals

A

2nd most reactive metal needs to release 2 electrons to react group 2

84
Q

halogens

A

most reactive non-metal needs to gain 1 electron to react group 17

85
Q

noble gases

A

inert gases: do not react to any element cannot be combined with other elements does not lose or gain electrons group 18

86
Q

representative elements

A

does not have a special name simply called representative elements group 13-16

87
Q

transition metals

A

metals that follow their own rules group 3-12

88
Q

lanthanides

A

the “8th period”, but is actually the “6th period”

89
Q

actinides

A

the “9th period” but is actually apart of the “7th period”

90
Q

evidence on pangaea

A

1) the continents fit like a puzzle 2) there are matching geological features and rocks on the edges of the continents 3) fossils are matching edges of continents

91
Q

what happened when alfred wegener died

A

scientists used his research to discover that the earth was broken into tectonic plates

92
Q

plate tectonic theory

A

tectonic plates more, carrying continents with them tectonic plates are large slabs of rock that float over molten rock

93
Q

sea floor spreading

A

Harry Hess proposed that magma from the earth rose up between the boundaries of the plates. As more magmas come up, it hardens and pushes the old rock from the ridge new rock will always continue to form at the ridge

94
Q

the earth is made of x amount of layers

A

4

95
Q

crust

A

on land, its mainly made of rock called granite. in oceans, the rock is mainly basalt

96
Q

mantle

A

it is divided into the upper (toothpaste like consistency) and lower mantle (composed of mainly iron and magnesium.)

97
Q

outer core

A

composed of liquid nickel and iron which are both very magnetic

98
Q

inner core

A

mostly solid iron due to extreme pressure and temperature. inner and outer layer rotate at different speeds, creating earths magnetic field

99
Q

tectonic plates

A

crust that floats on the mantle. the convection currents in the mantle move the plates.

100
Q

lithosphere

A

consists of crust and the upper mantle. the lithosphere is a transition layer from solid rock to softer rock

101
Q

asthenosphere

A

inside of the asthenosphere is radioactive isotopes that generate large amounts of energy which keeps the mantle molten

102
Q

push and pull

A

ridge “push” is when new rock forms at the ridge

103
Q

ridge

A

an underground crack in the ocean where magma escapes

104
Q

slab “pull”

A

where the older rock hits another plate boundary and is pulled back into the mantle

105
Q

trench

A

the valley where old rock is pulled back into the mantle

106
Q

plate boundary

A

where two plates meet

107
Q

oceanic plate boundary

A

a boundary in the ocean

108
Q

continental plate boundary

A

a boundary on the edge of a continent

109
Q

divergent plate boundary

A

plates are moving apart EG. the mid atlantic ridge causes the north american plate to move away from the eurasian plate. on land it is called a rift

110
Q

east african rift

A

where magma spews out to form new rock

111
Q

conversion boundary

A

when 2 plates collide, one will subduct another plate, or both plates will rise to form mountains

112
Q

oceanic - continental plate convergence

A

EG. when the nazca (oceanic) plate subducts the south american plate

113
Q

oceanic - oceanic plate convergence

A

one of the plates must subduct because one plate is usually thinner than the other

114
Q

continental - continental plate convergence

A

both plates will rise and form mountains EG. the himalayas

115
Q

transform boundaries

A

plates that slide in opposite directions. causes 95% of earthquakes and faults. EG. San andreas fault

116
Q

leptons

A

electrons (neutrino)
muon (neutrino)
tao (neutrino)
this is the electron found orbiting the atom

117
Q

quarks

A

up and down (only charm that does not decay or break)
strange and charm
top and bottom

118
Q

what quarks make a neutron

A

2 downs and 1 up

119
Q

what quarks make a proton

A

2 ups and 1 down

120
Q

mass of the subatomic particles

A

protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass of 1800 while electrons have almost 0, with a theoretical mass of 1

121
Q

niels bohr

A

theorized that the electrons surrounding the nucleus exist in different orbits/shells
electrons can move to different energy levels by releasing or absorbing energy

122
Q

ernest rutherford

A

theorized that the atom had a nucleus, and inside the nucleus was a positively charged atom and an uncharged neutron

123
Q

jj thomson

A

theorized that atoms had negatively charged particles. electricity = electrons. jj created a pudding model where electrons were stuck around the atom

124
Q

john dalton

A

theorized that matter and atoms were spherical shells, and that every element has a different spherical shell. one atom cannot change into another one

125
Q

john daltons theory

A

1) all matter is made of atoms
2) atoms cannot be destroyed, created, or broken down into anything smaller
3) all atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size
4) compounds are when different atoms combine together

126
Q

earthquakes

A

caused by friction between 2 plates that produce stress and pressure . when the plates can no longer hand le the stress and pressure, it will move to release massive amounts of energy.

127
Q

focus

A

the location underground where the pressure is released

128
Q

epicenter

A

location above the ground directly above the focus

129
Q

depth of the different focuses

A

shallow focus: 0-70km
intermediate focus: 70-300km
deep focus: over 300km

130
Q

how are seismic waves formed

A

when rock slips or snaps, energy is released and forms a seismic wave

131
Q

primary wave

A

p-wave/body wave
the first wave that leaves the epicenter. the ground squeezes and stretches in the same direction as the waves, the primary wave can travel through solids, liquids, and gases

132
Q

secondary wave

A

s-wave
the wave that follows the p-wave. the ground moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave. the s wave travels through solids only

133
Q

surface wave

A

l-wave
the ground rolls like a convection current. this is the third and most dangerous wave. travels along the surface.

134
Q

seismometers

A

devices used to detect when theres movement in the earth. it measures horizontal and vertical movents

135
Q

qualitive observations

A

can only be observed, not measured.

136
Q

states

A

solids, liquids, gas

137
Q

colous

A

ROYGBIV

138
Q

malleability

A

the softness of a material, and how easily it can be beaten into a different shape.

139
Q

ductility

A

how easily can object can be stretched into a wire

140
Q

crystallinity

A

shape of a crystal

141
Q

magnetism

A

how magnetic an object is

142
Q

quantitative observations

A

measured in numbers

143
Q

density

A

mass/volume

144
Q

temperature

A

boiling/freezing point

145
Q

speed

A

how fast something goes (km/hr)

146
Q

describing matter

A

looking for physical properties or characteristics that can be observed or measured

147
Q

physical change

A

something that changes its state EG. solidification, evaporation. no new compounds are made + it is easily reversable

148
Q

chemical reaction

A

when atoms are recombined to form a new substance with new properties

149
Q

heterogeneous mixtures

A

2 ore more atoms/molecules/elements that can be visually distinguishable

150
Q

homogenous mixtures

A

two or more atoms/molecules/elements that cant be visually distinguishable

151
Q

pure substance: element

A

an atom from the periodic table. cannot be broken down into anything simpler

152
Q

pure substance: compound

A

made of more than 1 element. EG NaCi (salt)

153
Q

pure substance

A

matter made of only 1 element or molecule

154
Q

what languages do the element symbols come from

A

the symbol of elements come from the greek/latin language

155
Q

gases

A

gases with low energies are more dense and stay near sea level. gases with less density (helium) float up in the sky

156
Q

density exception

A

the way water freezes causes crystal lattice. the crystal lattice requires more space/volume to create ice than any other solid.

157
Q

why does ice float on water

A

because the crystal lattice increases in volume because the ice got bigger and the density decreased because of the loss of liquid water

158
Q

measuring density

A

solid cube: length x width x height + xcm 3

159
Q

thermal expansion

A

increases volume of a substance when its temperature is raised. atoms move faster, further apart, and expand in volume

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