sci final exam Flashcards
Ion
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
Ionic bond
A type of chemical bond that occurs when one atom transfers electrons to another atom to create ions that are then attracted to each other due to opposite charges.
Periodic table
A tabular arrangement of the elements according to their increasing atomic number.
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Mendeleev
A Russian chemist who is credited with the discovery of the periodic law.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Range of all types of electromagnetic radiation.
Radiant energy
Energy carried by waves of light.
Frequency
Number of waves in a given unit of time, usually measured in hertz (Hz).
Wavelength
Distance between two adjacent crests or troughs of a wave.
Gamma rays
High-energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive materials.
X-rays
High-energy, short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation that is able to penetrate solids and cause ionization.
Ultraviolet radiation
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light.
Visible light
Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen by the human eye.
Infrared radiation
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves.
Microwaves
Long-wavelength electromagnetic radiation that has frequencies between those of radio waves and infrared radiation.
Radio waves
Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation that has wavelengths longer than microwaves.
Eyepiece
The lens on top of the microscope that you look through.
low power objective lens
The low-power objective lens further magnifies the image, up to 4.
Stage
The flat platform where you place your slides.
Coarse focusing knob
The large knob used to move the stage up and down to bring the slide into focus.
Fine focusing knob
The smaller knob used for fine tuning the focus once the coarse focus has been achieved.
Arm
The portion of the microscope that connects the lenses to the base.
Base
The bottom portion of the microscope that provides stability.
Sclera
White part of the eye that provides structural support and protection
Iris
Colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the pupil
Pupil
Small, circular opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye
Lens
Transparent structure behind the iris that focuses light onto the retina
Retina
Thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells responsible for detecting light
Rod cells
Photoreceptor cells in the retina that detect low levels of light
Cone cells
Photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and high visual acuity
Optic nerve
Nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain
Pangaea
Supercontinent that existed approximately 335 million years ago during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.
Continental drift
The gradual movement of the continents over time.
Plate tectonics
The theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle.
Fossil evidence
Remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms that provide evidence of past geological events.
Gondwana
Southern part of Pangaea that included Africa, South America, Antarctica, India, and Australia.
Laurentia
Northern part of Pangaea that included North America, Greenland, and parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Scandinavia.
Cell
The smallest unit of life that can survive and reproduce on its own.
Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and other complex organelles.
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell that possesses a membrane-bound nucleus and complex organelles.
Organelles
Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
Plasma membrane
The outer boundary of a cell that regulates the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment.
Cytoplasm
The fluid portion of a cell that houses the organelles and various molecules.
Nucleus
The membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell.
Mitochondria
The organelles responsible for producing ATP, the energy currency of a cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The organelle responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids within a cell.
Golgi apparatus
The organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or use within a cell.
Lysosomes
The organelles responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances within a cell.
Vacuoles
The organelles responsible for maintaining turgor pressure and storing various molecules within a cell.
anterior cavity
at the front of the eye, and is divided into two parts: anterior chamber( the front) , and the posterior chamber (the back).
aqueous humor
a clear water that refracts light, inflates the eyeball so it keeps its shape, provides nutrients for the cells
cornea
is transparent, refracts light into the eye
suspensory ligaments (zonule of zinn)
elastic proteins that connect the lens to the ciliary muscle
ciliary muscle/body
will pull or relax to change the shape of the lens, and it allows us to focus at different distances
conjunctiva
a protective tissue under the eyelid that seals off the back of the eye. prevents debris or germs to from entering the back of the eye
inferior rectus muscle
the lower muscle that helps point the eye in different directions
posterior cavity
back of the eye
vitreous humor
clear liquid inside the posterior cavity. same liquid as in the aqueous humor
optic disc
where the optic nerve is attached to the eyeball. is also known as the blind spot. processes information given by the retina and sends it down the optic nerve via nerve impulses. no rods or cones
central retinal vein (blue)
inside the optic nerve. takes away blood and wastes from the eye
central retinal artery (red)
inside optic nerve. brings blood, food, oxygen to the eye
macula
5mm diameter. has lots of comes and is made for detail vision
fovea
the center of the macula, and is for fine detail vision
choroid
middle layer of the eye, contains blood vessels
superior rectus muscle
upper muscle used to point your eye in different directions
medium power objective lens
The medium-power objective lens further magnify the image, from 10X.
high-power objective lens
The high-power objective lens further magnify the image, from 40.
nosepiece
The nosepiece holds the objectives and can be turned to change from one objective to another.
body tube
The body tube maintains the correct distance between the eyepiece and the objectives. This dis-tance is usually about 25 cm (10 in.), the normal distance for reading and viewing objects with the naked eye.
stage clips
The stage clips secure the slide in position for viewing.
light source
The light source provides light for viewing the image.
light source
The light source provides light for viewing the image.
cell wall
The cell wall is a tough, rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and gives the cell a regular, box-like shape. The cell wall acts as armor to protect the cell.
cell membrane
A thin layer of fat and proteins that act as a barrier that surrounds and protects the cell
chloroplast
The chloroplast traps the energy from the Sun and changes it into chemical energy.
Ribosomes
Each ribosome is like a small factory that manufactures proteins
metal: periodic table
elements found on the left side of the staircase
non-metals: periodic table
elements on the right side of the staircase
metalloids: periodic table
elements that behave as both non-metals and metals
periods: periodic table
periods: there are 7 rows, and the bottom 2 periods belong to the periods 6 and 7
families: periodic table
there are 18 columns/groups/families. certain families are in the same column because they react the same way
alkali metals
most reactive metal only needs to release 1 electron to react group 1
alkaline earth metals
2nd most reactive metal needs to release 2 electrons to react group 2
halogens
most reactive non-metal needs to gain 1 electron to react group 17
noble gases
inert gases: do not react to any element cannot be combined with other elements does not lose or gain electrons group 18
representative elements
does not have a special name simply called representative elements group 13-16
transition metals
metals that follow their own rules group 3-12
lanthanides
the “8th period”, but is actually the “6th period”
actinides
the “9th period” but is actually apart of the “7th period”
evidence on pangaea
1) the continents fit like a puzzle 2) there are matching geological features and rocks on the edges of the continents 3) fossils are matching edges of continents
what happened when alfred wegener died
scientists used his research to discover that the earth was broken into tectonic plates
plate tectonic theory
tectonic plates more, carrying continents with them tectonic plates are large slabs of rock that float over molten rock
sea floor spreading
Harry Hess proposed that magma from the earth rose up between the boundaries of the plates. As more magmas come up, it hardens and pushes the old rock from the ridge new rock will always continue to form at the ridge
the earth is made of x amount of layers
4
crust
on land, its mainly made of rock called granite. in oceans, the rock is mainly basalt
mantle
it is divided into the upper (toothpaste like consistency) and lower mantle (composed of mainly iron and magnesium.)
outer core
composed of liquid nickel and iron which are both very magnetic
inner core
mostly solid iron due to extreme pressure and temperature. inner and outer layer rotate at different speeds, creating earths magnetic field
tectonic plates
crust that floats on the mantle. the convection currents in the mantle move the plates.
lithosphere
consists of crust and the upper mantle. the lithosphere is a transition layer from solid rock to softer rock
asthenosphere
inside of the asthenosphere is radioactive isotopes that generate large amounts of energy which keeps the mantle molten
push and pull
ridge “push” is when new rock forms at the ridge
ridge
an underground crack in the ocean where magma escapes
slab “pull”
where the older rock hits another plate boundary and is pulled back into the mantle
trench
the valley where old rock is pulled back into the mantle
plate boundary
where two plates meet
oceanic plate boundary
a boundary in the ocean
continental plate boundary
a boundary on the edge of a continent
divergent plate boundary
plates are moving apart EG. the mid atlantic ridge causes the north american plate to move away from the eurasian plate. on land it is called a rift
east african rift
where magma spews out to form new rock
conversion boundary
when 2 plates collide, one will subduct another plate, or both plates will rise to form mountains
oceanic - continental plate convergence
EG. when the nazca (oceanic) plate subducts the south american plate
oceanic - oceanic plate convergence
one of the plates must subduct because one plate is usually thinner than the other
continental - continental plate convergence
both plates will rise and form mountains EG. the himalayas
transform boundaries
plates that slide in opposite directions. causes 95% of earthquakes and faults. EG. San andreas fault
leptons
electrons (neutrino)
muon (neutrino)
tao (neutrino)
this is the electron found orbiting the atom
quarks
up and down (only charm that does not decay or break)
strange and charm
top and bottom
what quarks make a neutron
2 downs and 1 up
what quarks make a proton
2 ups and 1 down
mass of the subatomic particles
protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass of 1800 while electrons have almost 0, with a theoretical mass of 1
niels bohr
theorized that the electrons surrounding the nucleus exist in different orbits/shells
electrons can move to different energy levels by releasing or absorbing energy
ernest rutherford
theorized that the atom had a nucleus, and inside the nucleus was a positively charged atom and an uncharged neutron
jj thomson
theorized that atoms had negatively charged particles. electricity = electrons. jj created a pudding model where electrons were stuck around the atom
john dalton
theorized that matter and atoms were spherical shells, and that every element has a different spherical shell. one atom cannot change into another one
john daltons theory
1) all matter is made of atoms
2) atoms cannot be destroyed, created, or broken down into anything smaller
3) all atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size
4) compounds are when different atoms combine together
earthquakes
caused by friction between 2 plates that produce stress and pressure . when the plates can no longer hand le the stress and pressure, it will move to release massive amounts of energy.
focus
the location underground where the pressure is released
epicenter
location above the ground directly above the focus
depth of the different focuses
shallow focus: 0-70km
intermediate focus: 70-300km
deep focus: over 300km
how are seismic waves formed
when rock slips or snaps, energy is released and forms a seismic wave
primary wave
p-wave/body wave
the first wave that leaves the epicenter. the ground squeezes and stretches in the same direction as the waves, the primary wave can travel through solids, liquids, and gases
secondary wave
s-wave
the wave that follows the p-wave. the ground moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave. the s wave travels through solids only
surface wave
l-wave
the ground rolls like a convection current. this is the third and most dangerous wave. travels along the surface.
seismometers
devices used to detect when theres movement in the earth. it measures horizontal and vertical movents
qualitive observations
can only be observed, not measured.
states
solids, liquids, gas
colous
ROYGBIV
malleability
the softness of a material, and how easily it can be beaten into a different shape.
ductility
how easily can object can be stretched into a wire
crystallinity
shape of a crystal
magnetism
how magnetic an object is
quantitative observations
measured in numbers
density
mass/volume
temperature
boiling/freezing point
speed
how fast something goes (km/hr)
describing matter
looking for physical properties or characteristics that can be observed or measured
physical change
something that changes its state EG. solidification, evaporation. no new compounds are made + it is easily reversable
chemical reaction
when atoms are recombined to form a new substance with new properties
heterogeneous mixtures
2 ore more atoms/molecules/elements that can be visually distinguishable
homogenous mixtures
two or more atoms/molecules/elements that cant be visually distinguishable
pure substance: element
an atom from the periodic table. cannot be broken down into anything simpler
pure substance: compound
made of more than 1 element. EG NaCi (salt)
pure substance
matter made of only 1 element or molecule
what languages do the element symbols come from
the symbol of elements come from the greek/latin language
gases
gases with low energies are more dense and stay near sea level. gases with less density (helium) float up in the sky
density exception
the way water freezes causes crystal lattice. the crystal lattice requires more space/volume to create ice than any other solid.
why does ice float on water
because the crystal lattice increases in volume because the ice got bigger and the density decreased because of the loss of liquid water
measuring density
solid cube: length x width x height + xcm 3
thermal expansion
increases volume of a substance when its temperature is raised. atoms move faster, further apart, and expand in volume
