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study :( 2024 > sci (๑•̀ㅂ•́)و✧ > Flashcards

sci (๑•̀ㅂ•́)و✧ Flashcards

2024

1
Q

science definition

A

Science is a discipline that involves systematic observations and experiments of natural phenomena.

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2
Q

boiling tube function

A

heat small amounts of chemicals

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3
Q

test tube function

A

hold small amounts of chemicals

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4
Q

what can be used to contain larger amounts of chemicals

A

beaker
conical flask
flat-bottom flask

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5
Q

evaporating dish

A

evaporate excess solvent

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6
Q

crucible and lid

A

used to heat solids directly over a flame

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7
Q

filter funnel

A

separate insoluble solids from mixtures

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8
Q

gas jar

A

contain gas

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9
Q

measuring cylinder

A

measure volume of liquid

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10
Q

wire gauze

A

spreads heat evenly during heating

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11
Q

tripod stand

A

support apparatus during heating

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12
Q

retort stand with clamp

A

holds or supports apparatus

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13
Q

burette

A

measure volume of liquid accurately

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14
Q

pipette

A

measure fixed volume of liquid

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15
Q

bunsen burner

A

provide flame to heat substances

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16
Q

flat-bottom flask

A

contain chemicals used in preparing gases if the process requires no heating.

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17
Q

round-bottom flask

A

contain chemicals used in preparing gases if the process requires heating.

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18
Q

irritant

A

give out vapour or fumes that will hurt the eyes, nose and throat

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19
Q

radioactive

A

emit radioactive rays

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20
Q

corrosive

A

burns skin

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21
Q

flammable

A

easily vaporises
keep away from fire/heat

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22
Q

5 physical quantities

A

length
mass
time
temperature
electric current

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23
Q

SI unit for length

A

metre/m

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24
Q

SI unit for mass

A

kilogram/kg

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25
Q

SI unit for time

A

second/s

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26
Q

SI unit for temperature

A

kelvin/K

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27
Q

SI unit for electric current

A

ampere/A

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28
Q

value of giga/G

A

1 000 000 000/10⁹

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29
Q

value of mega/M

A

1 000 000/10⁶

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30
Q

value of kilo/k

A

1 000/10³

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31
Q

value of deci/d

A

0.1/10-¹

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32
Q

value of centi/c

A

0.01/10-²

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33
Q

value of milli/m

A

0.001/10-³

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34
Q

value of micro/μ

A

0.000 001/10-⁶

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35
Q

value of nano/n

A

0.000 000 001/10-⁹

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36
Q

how to avoid parallax error/random error

A

look at the scale reading perpendicular to your eyes
take a few readings and take the average reading

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37
Q

how to avoid systematic errors

A

repeat the experiment using different measuring instruments

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38
Q

what method is used to measure volume of irregular shapes

A

water displacement method

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39
Q

density definition

A

mass per unit volume of a material

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40
Q

density formula

A

density = mass/volume

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41
Q

why does a cork float in water

A

the cork is less dense than the water

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42
Q

why does a stone sink in water

A

the stone is denser than the water

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43
Q

steps in a scientific investigation in order

A
  1. identify a problem
  2. construct a hypothesis
  3. control variables
  4. plan an experiment
  5. conduct the experiment
  6. collect data
  7. analyse and interpret data
  8. make a conclusion
  9. write a report
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44
Q

who discovered cells

A

Robert Hooke

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45
Q

what causes cancer to occur

A

cancer occurs when normal cells divide continuously without control.

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46
Q

how do cells form new cells

A

cell division

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47
Q

steps to observe cheek cells

A
  1. Put a drop of distilled water onto a glass slide
  2. scrape the inside of the cheek
  3. place the cells onto the glass slide
  4. add a drop of methylene blue solution on the cells
  5. gently place a cover glass on top of the glass slide using a mounting needle to make sure there are no air bubbles.
  6. use a filter paper to absorb excess methylene blue solution
  7. observe the glass slide under a microscope
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48
Q

steps to observe onion cells

A
  1. peel a later of epidermis from an onion
  2. put the epidermis layer onto a glass slide
  3. add a drop of iodine solution on the epidermis layer
  4. gently place a cover glass on top of the glass slide using a mounting needle to make sure there are no air bubbles.
  5. use a filter paper to absorb excess iodine
  6. observe the glass slide under a microscope
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49
Q

name the parts in animal cell

A

nucleus
mitochondria
cytoplasm
cell membrane

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50
Q

name the parts in plant cell

A

nucleus
mitochondria
cytoplasm
cell membrane

vacuole
cell wall
chloroplast

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51
Q

function of cell membrane

A

controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell

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52
Q

function of mitochondria

A

produces energy

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53
Q

function of nucleus

A

controls all activities in the cell
contains genetic information

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54
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

place where chemical reactions occur

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55
Q

chloroplast

A

absorbs light energy to carry out photosynthesis

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56
Q

cell wall

A

provides support

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57
Q

vacuole

A

provides support to cells when filled with cell sap

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58
Q

multicellular microorganisms

A

Mucor
Spirogyra
Hydra

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59
Q

epithelium cells

A

skin
form a later that protects organs
secrete mucus

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60
Q

white blood cells

A

changes its form to surround foreign particles and destroy them

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61
Q

muscle cells

A

contract and relax to enable movement

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62
Q

nerve cells

A

sends information in the form of impulse to the body

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63
Q

red blood cells

A

no nucleus
biconcave disc shaped - increase surface area
contain haemoglobin to transport oxygen to the body

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64
Q

epidermal cells

A

reduce water loss
allow gaseous exchange
absorption of water & nutrients

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65
Q

palisade cells

A

contain chlorophyll

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66
Q

guard cells

A

control opening and closing of stoma (hole)
open during the day to carry out photosynthesis
closed at night/hot day

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67
Q

root hair cells

A

increase surface area to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

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68
Q

order of cell organisation

A

cell -> tissue -> organ -> system -> organism

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69
Q

lymphatic system

A

drains lymphatic fluid into blood vessels
protect the body from infections

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70
Q

digestive system

A

breaks down food into simpler form

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71
Q

integumentary system

A

(skin)
regulates body temperature and water content

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72
Q

blood circulatory system

A

carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the whole body

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73
Q

respiratory system

A

absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

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74
Q

endocrine system

A

produces hormones

organs:
pituitary
thyroid
adrenal pancreas
ovary
testis

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75
Q

excretory system

A

removes excretory waste

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76
Q

skeletal system

A

supports and protects the body and organs

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77
Q

respiration definition

A

respiration can be divided into
internal respiration (breathing)
and external respiration (cell respiration)

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78
Q

external respiration/breathing

A

exchange of gases

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79
Q

internal respiration/cell respiration

A

process of breaking down food to release energy

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80
Q

cell respiration word equation

A

glucose + oxygen —-> water + energy + carbon dioxide

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81
Q

steps to test the presence of starch

A
  1. dip the leaf in boiling water to soften it
  2. put the leaf in a boiling tube filled with ethanol
  3. put the boiling tube into a beaker containing hot water
  4. after 5 minutes, take the leaf out and observe the colour changes
  5. dip the leaf into the hot water to soften it
  6. place the leaf on a white tile and put a few drops of iodine solution on it

if there is presence of starch, the iodine solution’s colour will change from brown to dark blue

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82
Q

photosynthesis word equation

A

carbon dioxide + water –light energy (top of arrow), chlorophyll (bottom of arrow)—-> oxygen + glucose

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83
Q

corrective mechanism when water increases

A

brain stimulates the production of hormone so that the kidneys produce more urine

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84
Q

corrective mechanism when water decreases

A

brain stimulates the production of hormone so that the kidneys produce less urine
feel thirsty

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85
Q

corrective mechanism when temperature increases

A

hairs lay flat
blood vessels dilate
increase sweating
skeletal muscle activity and certain hormone secretion will reduce
less urine

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86
Q

corrective mechanism when temperature decreases

A

hairs stand erect
blood vessels constrict
decrease sweating
skeletal muscles will contract and relax actively, causing shivering
hormones will be secreted to increase body metabolism

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87
Q

how do plants lose water

A

transpiration process

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88
Q

benefits of transpiration

A

helps to absorb and carry water and minerals
evaporation of water cools the plant during hot days

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89
Q

budding

A

a bud forms as a swelling, then it develops and breaks off as a new young
Hydra

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90
Q

binary fission

A

division of a single parent cell into two daughter cells
Amoeba, Paramecium, bacteria

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91
Q

regeneration

A

fragments of some organisms develop and grow into new individuals
starfish, Planaria, flatworm

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92
Q

spore formation

A

producing spores in sporangium
after sporangium breaks, spores get scattered by the wind
when they land in a moist place, they grow into new plants
algae, fungus, fern, bacteria

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93
Q

vegetative reproduction

A

producing new plants from a vegetative part of a plant except the flower
root, stem, leaf

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94
Q

characteristics of male gamete

A

head
nucleus
middle piece
tail

able to move
smallest cell in the male’s body
live up to 3-4 days

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95
Q

characteristics of female gamete

A

gel layer
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane

not able to move
largest cell in the female’s body
live up to 2 days

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95
Q

menstruation phase

A

day 1-5
uterine lining breaks down and is discharged together with blood, unfertilised ovum and mucus

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96
Q

repair phase

A

day 6-11
uterine lining thickens

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97
Q

fertile phase

A

day 12-17
ovum is released on the 14th day (ovulation)
uterine lining thickens

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98
Q

premenstrual phase

A

day 18-28
uterine lining continues to thicken

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99
Q

effects of irregular menstruation

A

infertility
difficulties in family planning
health problems such as anaemia

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100
Q

function of uterus

A

place where embryo develops and grows

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101
Q

function of fallopian tube

A

place where fertilisation between sperm and ovum occurs

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102
Q

ovary

A

produces female gamete and female sex hormones

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103
Q

cervix

A

produces mucus to enable sperms to swim into the uterus

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104
Q

vagina

A

recieves sperms and is a channel which a baby is born

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105
Q

seminal vesicle

A

secretes nutritional fluid for the sperms

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106
Q

urethra

A

channel to discharge sperms and urine

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107
Q

sperm duct

A

transports sperms from the testis to the urethra

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108
Q

penis

A

transfers sperms into the vagina during copulation

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109
Q

scrotum

A

holds and protects testes

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110
Q

testis

A

produces male gamete and male sex hormones

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111
Q

prostate gland

A

secrete fluid which contains nutrients and protects sperm cell

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112
Q

flow chart for development of zygote

A

zygote -> embryo -> foetus -> baby

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113
Q

placenta

A

Place where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, supply of nutrients and removal of waste materials through the mother’s blood and the foetus occur

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114
Q

umbilical cord

A

tube which connects the foetus to the placenta
has blood vessels inside to transport blood to and from the foetus

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115
Q

uterine wall

A

consists of muscular wall
place where the embryo is implanted and develops

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116
Q

amnion

A

membrane that forms a sac and contains fluid

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117
Q

amniotic fluid

A

acts as a cushion to absorb concussion and protects the foetus from injuries

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118
Q

Effects of smoking while pregnant

A

Baby low birth weight
Baby higher mortality rate
Baby may become retarded/have physical difficulties
Baby may be premature
Miscarriage of foetus

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119
Q

Effects of taking drugs while pregnant

A

Foetal defects

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120
Q

Effects of drinking alcohol while pregnant

A

Baby born with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
Delayed foetal development
Brain, nervous system and heart may be damaged

121
Q

Breast milk or formula milk??

A

Breast milk is better because it is more nutritious

122
Q

Importance of breast milk

A

Contains all of the essential nutrients for babies
Contains antibodies that protect babies from diseases
Relationship between mother and baby become closer
Important for the emotional development of the baby
Better digestion

123
Q

What’s infertility/sterility

A

Inability to produce offsprings

124
Q

factors of sterility in males

A

testes cannot produce sperms
low sperm count
low quality sperms
impotent

125
Q

factors of sterility in females

A

ovaries cannot produce ovum
blockage in the Fallopian tubes
abnormal uterus
tumour in the uterus

126
Q

factors of sterility in both males and females

A

hormone imbalance
defective reproductive organs/organs infected with disease
health problems like diabetes

127
Q

methods to overcome sterility

A

hormone treatment
surgery
in vitro fertilisation (IVF)

128
Q

what is IVF/in vitro fertilisation

A

takes out the ovum to be fertilised with the sperm outside the body in a glass dish
the embryo is then put inside the uterus

129
Q

what is contraception

A

the act of preventing pregnancy

130
Q

methods of contraception

A

contraceptive pills
implants
condom
intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)
vasectomy
ligation

131
Q

how does contraceptive pills work

A

prevents ovulation

132
Q

how does implants work

A

secretes a hormone that prevents the ovary from producing ovum
the implant is inserted to the skin below the arm

133
Q

how does condoms work

A

worn over the penis before copulation to prevent the sperm from entering the vagina during ejaculation

134
Q

how does intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) work

A

inserted inside the uterus to prevent implantation

135
Q

how does vasectomy work

A

surgery that cuts the sperm duct and the ends are tied
prevents the sperms from being transported to the urethra

136
Q

how does ligation work

A

surgery that cuts the Fallopian tube and the ends are tied
prevents the ovum from meeting the sperms

137
Q

what is stamen

A

male reproductive organ of a flower

138
Q

what is pistil

A

female reproductive organ of a flower

139
Q

parts of the stamen

A

anther
filament

140
Q

parts of the pistil

A

stigma
style
ovary
ovule

141
Q

petal

A

colourful to attract insects and animals

142
Q

sepal

A

green
protects the flower during bud stage

143
Q

anther

A

produces pollen grains

144
Q

filament

A

supports the anther

145
Q

stigma

A

place where pollen lands
sticky so that pollen can stick onto it

146
Q

style

A

tube through which pollen is delivered to the ovary

147
Q

ovary (flower)

A

contains ovules

148
Q

ovule

A

turns into seeds after fertilisation

149
Q

types of flower

A

unisexual
- male
only has stamen
- female
only has pistil

bisexual
has both stamen and pistil

150
Q

examples of unisexual flowers

A

corn flower
papaya flower

151
Q

types of pollination

A

self-pollination
cross-pollination

152
Q

whats self-pollination

A

pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of another flower on the same plant
pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of the same flower

153
Q

whats cross-pollination

A

pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of another flower on a different plant of the same species

154
Q

pollinating agents

A

animals & insects
wind

155
Q

how do animals and insects pollinate

A

pollen grains stick on its body
when it goes to another flower, the pollen grains will stick onto the stigma of that flower

156
Q

characteristics of animal/insect-pollinated flowers

A

big and colourful petals
have nectar
smell nice
rough and sticky pollen grains

157
Q

how does wind pollinate

A

light pollen grains are blown by the wind and reaches the stigma of another flower

158
Q

characteristics of wind-pollinated flowers

A

white/pale petals
long and furry stigma
long filament and style
many small, smooth, light pollen grains

159
Q

what does cross-pollination do

A

combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species

160
Q

advantages of cross-pollination

A

healthier plants which can adapt better to changes in the environment
new varieties of plants
good quality seeds
new plants that are more resistant to pests and diseases

161
Q

examples of innovation of cross-pollination in agriculture

A

palm oil
hybrid plant: Tenera

papaya
hybrid plant: Eksotika

corn
hybrid plant: Masmadu

paddy
hybrid plant: Malinja

162
Q

parent plants of Tenera

A

Pisifera and Dura

163
Q

parent plants of Eksotika

A

Subang 6 and Sunrise Solo

164
Q

parent plants of Masmadu

A

sweet corns from Taiwan and Mexico

165
Q

parent plants of Malinja

A

Siam-29 and Pebifun

166
Q

characteristics of Tenera

A

more fruits and flesh, thinner shell

167
Q

characteristics of Eksotika

A

sweeter fruits, more flesh

168
Q

characteristics of Masmadu

A

sweeter and bigger fruits
higher resistance towards diseases and drought

169
Q

characteristics of Malinja

A

more harvest
ripe faster

170
Q

plant fertilisation process

A

1 pollen fall onto stigma
2 pollen tube carrying male gamete grows towards the ovary
3 after the pollen tube penetrates the ovule, the male gamete fuses with the female gamete (fertilisation)

171
Q

types of seeds

A

monocotyledonous
dicotyledonous

172
Q

structure of monocotyledonous seed

A

testa
micropyle
hilum
plumule
radicle
cotyledon

173
Q

structure of dicotyledonous seed

A

seed coat
radicle
endosperm
cotyledon
plumule

174
Q

testa

A

protects the seed

175
Q

hilum

A

place where the seed sticks to the fruit

176
Q

micropyle

A

small hole to allow air and water to enter the seed

177
Q

plumule

A

part of the embryo which develops into a new shoot

178
Q

radicle

A

part of the embryo which develops into the root

179
Q

cotyledon/endosperm

A

stores and provides food for the seed

180
Q

germination process

A

the testa bursts and the radicle starts to appear and grow downwards into the soil to form root. The plumule grows upwards to form a new shoot.

181
Q

epigeal germination

A

the cotyledon is carried out of the soil during germination

182
Q

hypogeal germination

A

the cotyledon remains in the soil during germination

183
Q

conditions required for seed germination

A

water
air
suitable temperature

184
Q

whats matter

A

a substance that has mass and occupies space

185
Q

physical property

A

properties that can be identified by using our five senses or measuring tools

186
Q

chemical property

A

properties of a substance that become evident when it changes into a new substance

187
Q

solubility

A

ability of a substance to dissolve in a given amount of solvent to form a solution

188
Q

solute

A

thing the solvent dissolves into
water

189
Q

solvent

A

thing that dissolves into solute
milo powder

190
Q

solution

A

solvent + solute
milo

191
Q

solid

A

small space between particles
very close particle arrangement
particles vibrate in a fixed position

192
Q

liquid

A

moderate space between particles
close particle arrangement
move freely and collide with one another

193
Q

gas

A

large space between particles
very loose particle arrangement
move randomly and collide with one another

194
Q

rate of diffusion in solid, liquid and gas

A

solid: low
liquid: higher than solid
gas: highest

195
Q

Function of fiber for pregnant women

A

Prevents constipation

196
Q

Examples of food with iron

A

Liver, red meat, fish

197
Q

Function of iron for pregnant women

A

Formation of haemoglobin to prevent anaemia

198
Q

Examples of food with vitamin C

A

Citrus fruits, guava and tomatoes

199
Q

Function of vitamin C for pregnant women

A

Skin health of foetus and mother
Prevent bleeding gums

200
Q

Food that contains folic acid

A

Broccoli
Spinach
Groundnuts

201
Q

Function of folic acid for pregnant women

A

Foetus nervous system development

202
Q

Function of protein for pregnant women

A

Important for the growth of new cells for the foetus

203
Q

Function of calcium and phosphorus for pregnant women

A

Healthy formation of foetus bones
Protect the bones and teeth of the mother

204
Q

Nutrients a pregnant woman needs

A

Fiber
Iron
Carbohydrates and fat
Vitamin C
Folic acid
Protein
Calcium and phosphorus

205
Q

Melting point of water

A

0degrees

206
Q

Boiling point of water

A

100degrees

207
Q

Melting point of alcohol

A

-117

208
Q

Boiling point of alcohol

A

78

209
Q

Melting point of copper

A

1085

210
Q

Boiling point of copper

A

2562

211
Q

Melting point of oxygen

A

-218

212
Q

Boiling point of oxygen

A

-183

213
Q

Does the temperature remain constant during boiling, freezing and melting?

A

Yes, because the energy/heat is used up for the conversion of state

214
Q

Does the mass remain constant after boiling or freezing? (or any other process)

A

Yes because the quantity of particles does not change

215
Q

How can you see atoms

A

Using electron microscopes

216
Q

Structure of atom

A

Nucleus: proton, neutron
Electron

217
Q

Proton

A

Particle with positive charge

218
Q

Electron

A

Particle with negative charge

219
Q

Neutron

A

Neutral particle with no charge

220
Q

How many protons and electrons are there in an atom

A

Equal amount
Thus, atoms are neutral

221
Q

Molecules

A

Particles made up of two or more atoms

222
Q

Elements

A

Simplest form of substance
Only one type of atom

223
Q

Compounds

A

Two or more elements combined chemically

224
Q

Differences between metals and non metals

A

Appearance
Ductility
Malleability
Tensile strength
Electrical conductivity
Heat conductivity
Density
Melting point and boiling point

225
Q

Appearance of metals vs non metals

A

Metals: shiny
Non metals: dull

226
Q

Ductility of metals vs non metals

A

Metals: ductile
Non metals: brittle

227
Q

Malleability of metals vs non metals

A

Metals: malleable
Non metals: non-malleable

228
Q

Tensile strength of metals vs non metals

A

Metals: high
Non metals: low (break easily)

229
Q

Electrical conductivity of metals vs non metals

A

Metals: good
Non metals: poor (except carbon)

230
Q

Heat conductivity of metals vs non metals

A

Metals: good
Non metals: poor

231
Q

Density of metals vs non metals

A

Metals: high
Non metals: low

232
Q

Melting point and boiling point of metals vs non metals

A

Metals: high
Non metals: low

233
Q

Mixtures

A

Consists of two or more elements or compounds mixed physically

234
Q

Methods to separate mixtures

A

Filtration
Distillation
Separation by using magnet
Sedimentation
Floatation
Chromatography
Sieving

235
Q

How to seperate paper clips and glass fragments

A

Using magnet

236
Q

How to seperate water and ethanol

A

distillation

237
Q

How to seperate three types of water-soluble ink

A

chromatography

238
Q

How to seperate soil and water

A

sedimentation

239
Q

How to seperate oil and water

A

floatation

240
Q

How to seperate coffee powder and water

A

filtration

241
Q

magnesium + oxygen —>

A

magnesium oxide

242
Q

lithium + water —>

A

lithium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

243
Q

iron + sulphur —>

A

iron sulphide

244
Q

how to get iron sulphide

A

Iron and sulphur powder will form iron sulphide when heated

245
Q

Electrolysis

A

a chemical decomposition of a compound to its elements by passing an electrical current through the compound

246
Q

Physical change

A

does not form a new substance

247
Q

Chemical change

A

forms a new substance that is different from the original substances.

248
Q

composition of air

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.97% inert gases and other substances
0.03% carbon dioxide

249
Q

inert gases

A

Helium
Argon
Neon
Xenon
Krypton

250
Q

Carbon cycle definition

A

Cycle that maintains the content of carbon dioxide in the air by continuously taking carbon dioxide from the air and returning it to the air

251
Q

Carbon cycle

A
  1. Green plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis
  2. Animals eat the plants, obtain carbon from the plants
  3. Plants and animals decompose when they die
  4. Decomposition caused by bacteria and fungi in the soil releases carbon dioxide
  5. Burning of fossil fuels that contain carbon releases carbon dioxide
  6. Plants and animals release carbon dioxide during respiration
  7. Decomposition, combustion, respiration are balanced by photosynthesis
252
Q

Carbon cycle

A
  1. Green plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis
  2. Animals eat the plants, obtain carbon from the plants
  3. Plants and animals decompose when they die
  4. Decomposition caused by bacteria and fungi in the soil releases carbon dioxide
  5. Burning of fossil fuels that contain carbon releases carbon dioxide
  6. Plants and animals release carbon dioxide during respiration
  7. Decomposition, combustion, respiration are balanced by photosynthesis
253
Q

Definition of oxygen cycle

A

A continuous cycle that takes oxygen from the air and returns it to the air

254
Q

Oxygen cycle

A

Oxygen needed in respiration, rusting, combustion and decomposition is obtained from photosynthesis

255
Q

Ways to prevent interferences in the oxygen and carbon cycle

A

Prohibit illegal logging
Avoid using excessive pesticides
Reforestation
Prevent excessive release of smoke from vehicles
Do not burn forests

256
Q

Conditions needed for combustion

A

Oxygen
Fuel
Heat

257
Q

What type of fire extinguishers can put out solid fire

A

Water
Dry powder

258
Q

What type of fire extinguishers can put out liquid fire

A

Foam
Dry powder
Carbon dioxide

259
Q

What type of fire extinguishers can put out gas fire

A

Foam
Dry powder
Carbon dioxide

260
Q

What type of fire extinguisher can put out metal fire

A

Dry powder
Dry sand

261
Q

Safety measures to prevent fire

A

Keep matches and lighters in a safe place
Keep flammable substances away from fire
Always be aware of electrical appliances
Do not plug in too many electrical appliances in one electrical source
Install smoke alarm and fire detectors
Do not throw away cigarette butts when they are still burning

262
Q

How is the periodic table arranged

A

By increasing proton number

263
Q

How to get atomic mass/nucleon

A

Proton/electron + neutron

264
Q

What can smoke and dust cause

A

Breathing problems
Stain buildings
Haze
Decrease sunlight, less photosynthesis

265
Q

What can sulphur dioxide cause

A

Respiratory problems
Acid rain

266
Q

What can carbon monoxide cause

A

Headache
Mental retardation
Death

267
Q

What can asbestos particles cause

A

Lung cancer

268
Q

What can CFC chlorofluorocarbons cause

A

Thins ozone layer

269
Q

What can lead particles cause

A

Intellectual disability among children and babies

270
Q

What can acid rain cause

A

Corrodes concrete and limestone buildings
Speeds up iron rusting
Soil becomes acidic and not fertile
Water becomes acidic and not suitable for aquatic life

271
Q

What can nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide cause

A

Acid rain

272
Q

What type of converter on vehicle is more sustainable

A

Catalytic converter

273
Q

What type of refrigerator is more sustainable

A

HCFC hydrofluorocarbon refrigerator

274
Q

Types of mirrors

A

Plane mirror
Convex mirror
Concave mirror

275
Q

Real image vs virtual image

A

Real image
Image that is formed on a screen

Virtual image
Image that cannot be formed on a screen

276
Q

characteristics of plane mirror

A

1) Virtual
2) laterally inverted
3) distance between the object and the mirror is the
same as the distance between the image and the
mirror
4) upright

277
Q

characteristics of concave mirror

A

1) Virtual
2) Upright
3) Magnified
4) Laterally inverted

278
Q

characteristics of convex mirror

A

1) Virtual
2) Upright
3) Laterally inverted
4) Diminished (smaller)

279
Q

uses of plane mirrors

A

Help dancers to correct their movements
To make rooms look more spacious

280
Q

uses of concave mirrors

A

magnifies the image to make it easier to apply makeup
used by a dentist to make the patient’s teeth look bigger

281
Q

uses of convex mirrors

A

Used as a safety feature at dangerous corner of a road
helps the shopkeeper to see every corner to prevent theft

282
Q

whats periscope

A

Periscope is an instrument used in submarines to observe the sea surface.
the sea surface is hit through the top mirror and is reflected. The light is then reflected again at the second mirror, right into the eye of the observer in the submarine

283
Q

whats kaleidoscope

A

a toy that can create patterns using plane mirrors
These patterns are obtained due to the repeated reflection of the image of the objects inside the kaleidoscope. Therefore, the number of images seen is more than the number of objects.

284
Q

speed of light

A

3.0x108 ms-1

285
Q

how does light travel

A

in a straight line

286
Q

How are shadows formed?

A
  1. Sunlight travels in straight lines
  2. sunlight cannot pass through opaque objects
  3. When light is blocked, shadow is formed.
287
Q

is the length of shadow always the same

A

the length of shadow will be different based on the position of the sun
shadow will become short in the afternoon and long in the evening

288
Q

application of shadow

A

sundial
shadow play

289
Q

reflection of light

A

light bounces off the surface of an object

290
Q

law of reflection

A

The angle of incident, i is equal to the angle of reflection, r

291
Q

refraction of light

A

bending of a light ray when it enters a medium of different density

292
Q

where does light bend towards when it travels from a less dense medium to a more dense medium

A

bends towards normal line

293
Q

where does light bend towards when it travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium

A

bends away from normal line

294
Q

is light refracted when it hits the surface at 90 degrees

A

no!!

295
Q

dispersion of light

A

separation of white light into its components of colours using prism

296
Q

characters of light?!1

A
  1. White light – consists of 7 colours
  2. Different colour, different speed
  3. Higher speed, less refracted
297
Q

what colour has the highest speed and least refracted

A

red

298
Q

what colour has the lowest speed and least refracted

A

violet

299
Q

how is rainbow formed

A

Sunlight entering droplets of rain water will be refracted and dispersed into the seven colours of light.
The seven colours of light are reflected and refracted out of the rain water droplets

study :( 2024 (9 decks)

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