Schunk Ch 3

Question 1

Results

Answer 1

Changes in performance

Question 2

Means

Answer 2

Hypothesized structures and processes responsible for learning

Question 3

Inputs

Answer 3

Resources or experiences that trigger learning

Question 4

Objectivism

Answer 4

Reality is external and independent of the learner and comes to be known through sensory experience

Question 5

Pragmatism

Answer 5

Reality exists but cannot be known directly; knowledge comes through signs and is always provisional; Pragmatism is the working philosophy of most psychologists but others argue that objectivism has been the dominant epistemology in psychology and education

Question 6

Interpretivism

Answer 6

Reality and knowledge are constructed by the knower through rational thought

Question 7

Ebbinghaus

Answer 7

Principle of association; notion that ideas become connected, or associated, through experience; Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 8

Thorndike

Answer 8

Law of effect; association between sensation and impulse; investigated learning in terms of the associations related to action

Question 9

Pavlov

Answer 9

Classical conditioning; brought together associationism and reflexology; something neutral is paired with something that causes a response until the neutral thing also causes the response; According to the classical conditioning paradigm, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) biologically and involuntarily elicits an unconditioned response (UCR).

Question 10

Gestalt Theory

Answer 10

Insightful learning; believes that knowledge comes from more than just experience; argue that for insightful learning to occur, all the parts to a problem have to be exposed to the learner

Question 11

Theory about learning

Answer 11

a set of laws or principles about learning; the essential purpose of a theory is to explain the occurrence of some phenomenon and to predict its occurrence in the future; a learning theory should explain the results associated with learning and predict the conditions under which learning will occur again.

Question 12

Hypothesis

Answer 12

one’s suggested answer to a research question; it determines what variables are thought to be important in understanding the event

Question 13

Behavioral psychologists

Answer 13

argue that learning can be fully understood in terms of observable events, both environmental and behavioral

Question 14

Cognitive psychologists

Answer 14

believe that learning is meditated by thought processes inside the learner; they focus primary on the structure and processes of the mind and cognition

Question 15

Social psychologists

Answer 15

contend that learning is a social enterprise, dependent upon interactions between the learner and his or her sociocultural environment

Question 16

learning

Answer 16

a persistent change in human performance or performance potential

Question 17

learning theory

Answer 17

comprises a set of constructs linking observed changes in performance with what is thought to bring about those changes

Question 18

Constructs

Answer 18

refer to concepts theorists invent to identify psychological variables (example: memory is a construct implicated in cognitive perspectives on learning)

Question 19

Concerns what is permitted as a valid source of knowledge

Answer 19

empiricism, nativism, rationalism

Question 20

refer to the content of knowledge, or what is presumed to be knowable

Answer 20

skepticism, realism, idealism, pragmatism

Question 21

Development psychologists

Answer 21

seek to understand human development from infancy to old age