School Based Approaches to Promote PA Flashcards
Is there a difference between school based approaches in US and Canada?
Yes
Do health and education silos interact?
No
What is the PA spectrum ranging between?
PHE –> Kin
What 2 things have not been fully researched when it comes to school based approaches?
- Cost effectiveness
2. Pragmatism - success of practical applications
What do good schools try to do?
Incorporate more PA into the lives of children and adolescents
What is PHE?
School subject designed to help children and youth develop skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary for participating in active and healthy living
Are PE programs integral components of total school experience for students?
Yes
What are the 3 competencies of PE in QC?
- Develop fundamental movement skills
- Interact with others
- Adopt an active and healthy lifestyle
Why is health and education different for each province?
It is up to provincial legislation to organize how health and education is ran
What is kinesiology?
Study of human movement and all of its associated knowledge and professional practices
What is PA?
Movement of the body that expends energy
What are examples of PA?
Sports, dance, and exercise
Is PA used in PE programs?
Yes - it is a medium for teaching curriculum content
What is the analogy used for PA in relation to PE?
PA is the vehicle to becoming physically educated just as a book is the vehicle to become a reader
What was the national focus for PE and athletics in 2005?
Promoting PA for all students in PE class as well as promoting health and safety in athletics
Where can PA be integrated within a school setting?
Pre K, kindergarten, before-school programs, classroom activity breaks, recess breaks, after-school programs, commercially sponsored programs, and summer programs
What is the main rationale for school based PA programs?
Ability to reach large amounts of children at once for very low cost as kids are required by law to be at school
What are 3 other rationales for school based PA programs?
- Varied curricular based education versus relying on voluntary compliance
- Preventing and controlling obesity and diabetes
- Increasing cognition to cure gloomy moods
What did the US Surgeon General Report of 1996 show?
How important PA is in several different areas of health
What did the 2004 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act do?
It tied school funding to school wellness policies that included promoting healthy eating and PA
What did Healthy People 2020 do?
It set goals for students at MVPA for at least 50% of class time
What percentage of time were kids doing MVPA in PE class in the 1980’s?
About 25-30%
What did the National Association for Sport and PE (NASPE) do?
Set guidelines for children and adolescents in classroom
What did NASPE suggest for elementary kids?
150 minutes per week of school PE
What did NASPE suggest for secondary kids?
225 minutes per week of school PE
What is a growing concern in Canada?
Child and youth inactivity
What could be occurring with the children this year in terms of relative death?
They might be the first generation of children to live shorter lives than their parents
What 4 things can low PA levels be blamed on?
- Lifestyle changes
- School policies
- Stress and school
- Communities we live in
What kind of lifestyle change is occurring today?
- Technology
2. Sedentarism
What is affecting school policies?
High levels of teacher burnout due to stress
What is happening with stress and school in students?
Increased level of anxiety and depression in students
What 3 things are happening to the communities we live in?
- Suburbs without sidewalks - danger levels increase
- Fruit and vegetable prices are soaring
- Lacking access to active forms of transportation
Why is there increasing pressure on Canadian schools?
Must maintain or improve child and youth inactivity
What groups did Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) in 1995 make PA guidelines for?
- Children from 4-11
- Youth from 12-17
- Adult from 18-64
- Adults 65+
What are the most recent guidelines from CSEP?
Recommend 60+ minutes of MVPA for children and youth at ages 4-17
Is activity during PE class enough to meet national guidelines for daily PA?
No
Show a calculation of how much PA kids are really getting in PE class (in QC)
2 x 60 mins per week = 120 mins total of class time
MVPA is rationing about 30-45% of that time = 40 mins total
Can a kid become physically fit from 40 minutes of activity?
No
What do most North American curriculums aim for?
For children to adopt a healthy and active lifestyle
Are there clear longitudinal studies to indicate that active children become active adults and seniors?
No
What are the Canadian Fitness Awards?
Used to be given out to every school based on how each child faired in comparison to a norm
Who normally set the norm standard for the Cdn Fitness Awards?
Manitoba kids
What kind of tests did the Cdn Fitness Awards have?
- 50 yard run
- 300 yard run
- Flexed arm hangs
- Shuttle run
- Sit ups
- Standing long jump
What is the No Child Left Behind program?
Kick-starter by Bush government that legislated incorporating an increased amount of harder subjects (math and science) into schools to achieve higher scores but then took away from easier subject (art and PE) due to funding
What did the 3 River’s Longitudinal Study show?
Kids with significant DPA had no decrease in academics and may have even had a slight increase
What did the 3 River’s Longitudinal study prove?
PA does not have an effect on academics like everyone thinks and there is growing evidence to show that participation in school based PA (i.e. PE) not only doesn’t hurt academic scores but it might improve them
What things are taking time away from PHE and free play (i.e. recess)?
Academic balancing, initiatives, budget cuts, myths, and stereotypes
Why are schools no longer within walking distance of homes?
Built environment
Why is it unfortunate that schools are not within walking distance of the home?
- Can’t walk to and from school
2. Parents fear for the child’s safety when walking
What other limitations do parents put on their child in terms of PA?
- Limiting within school PA participation because of potential injury
- Limiting after school sports and “rough” play
Should youth be encouraged to engage in PA before, during, and after class?
Yes
How can youth be encouraged to engage in PA before, during, and after class?
- Active transportation
- sports
- Leisure and rec activities such as hockey, basketball, and soccer
Is PE marginalized?
Yes - no one thinks it is as important as it really is
Does Canada believe that the public school system remains a key environment in which to promote PA to children and youth?
Yes
How can schools and educators target inactivity?
- Curricular changes
- Intramural changes
- Interscholastic changes
What kinds of curricular changes are there?
- In 2005 and 2008, AB ON and BC legislated DPA into PE curriculum
- Teacher driven activities with a commitment to provide selection and opportunities of PA to students
What kind of intramural changes are there?
Different activities done during school hours to get people to be active
What kind of interscholastic changes are there?
Competing against different high schools in either intramurals or regular sports
What is the Community Guide?
Guidance on health improvement strategies for numerous topics including PA
What are the Community Guide Recs for PE Programs based off of?
Studies of high quality PE programs
What 3 kinds of classifications for evidence does the CG have?
- Recommended
- Recommended against
- Insufficient evidence
What 7 items does the CG suggest for high quality PE programs within schools?
- Adequate facilities
- Properly trained educators
- Appropriate class sizes from 25-30
- Includes all students
- Focuses on an appropriate mix of motor skills
- Increases student understanding
- Provides active opportunities to practice
What are the 2 kinds of motor skills?
- Locomotor
2. Object control
Examples of locomotor skills
Running, jumping, galloping, leaping, hopping
Examples of object control skills
Throwing, catching, striking, kicking, dribbling
What is the TGMD-2?
It is the most recent, easiest to administer, and and most applicable motor skill test for elementary school students
How much does the TGMD-2 test cost?
$100
How much does the BRFO test cost?
$3000
How much does the ABC test cost?
$1500
What is an informational approach?
Increase in knowledge and reinforcement of desire to change when motivated
What are the 4 changing behaviours from informational approaches?
- Increase in knowledge about benefits and risks of PA
- Encouraging people to be PA by extending knowledge about where and how to do so in the community
- Identify personal and environmental reasons that people are physically inactive and help them overcome it
- Know when opportunities for PA are happening in communities, worksites, and other settings
What is constantly cited as the #1 reason why people are not PA?
Lack of time
What does school based PHE programs not focus on as much anymore?
Sports performance and PE fitness testing
What do school based PHE programs focus on now?
Health related PE and health benefits of PA
Do school based PHE programs teach students how to move, become active, and maintain health?
Yes
What do school based PHE programs want students to do?
They want them to learn how to be PA rather than focusing on simplistic behaviour or physiological status
What would be 3 advantages to high quality PHE programs?
- Amount of time spent in MVPA during PE could be increased by 50.3%
- Increases in the % of time spent in MVPA in PE class can range from 3.3 to 15% - average at 10%
- Significant increases in aerobic capacity could be obtained
What is the SPARK program?
Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids
What does SPARK promote?
- 50% enjoyable activities
2. 50% teaching movement skills
What was the SPARK study?
In 1997, seven schools were randomly assigned to a normal PE program or a SPARK program taught by a class educator or a PE specialist
What were the results of the SPARK study?
- Control/normal PE - 18 minutes of MVPA/week
- Class educator for SPARK - 32 minutes of MVPA/week
- PE specialist for SPARK - 40 minutes of MVPA/week
What is Coordinated School Health?
It promotes school health and increased PA in accordance with CDC
What 8 items does CSH promote?
- Health education
- PE
- Health services
- Nutrition services
- Counseling, psychological, and social services
- Healthy and safe school environment
- Health promotion for staff
- Family and community involvement
How often are PHE programs high quality?
Rarely
Why is there professional marginalization of PE?
Top down initiatives are not taking into account the full purpose of PHE
What is a challenging aspect of school based PA programs?
Youth physical fitness assessments
What did fitness assessments used to be based on?
Norm standards - i.e. Cdn Fitness Awards
When did it start to change from norm standards to criteria based?
End of 80’s and start of 90’s
Are fitness tests abandoned from schools yet?
Still being widely discussed
What are 2 rationales for keeping fitness tests?
- Health related fitness parameters would encourage PA in and out of school
- Fitness evaluation results can show that students with lower scores need to become more active and fit
What did McKenzie and Morrow find?
- Pitfalls in youth fitness testing
- No relationship between measures of fitness and behavioural PA
- Not representative of inactivity and activity in children because some inactive children would do well on fitness testing and vice versa
What is the US President’s Challenge?
Encourages all Americans to make being active part of their everyday lives (DPA) to improve fitness
How do you measure US President’s Challenge?
Through online challenges and tracking progress
What is Fitness Gram?
A response to the need for a comprehensive set of assessment procedures for PE programs
When and where was Fitness Gram founded?
1982 at the Cooper Institute
What does Fitness Gram assess?
- Aerobic capacity
- Muscular strength
- Muscular endurance
- Flexibility
- Body composition
What are Fitness Gram scores compared to?
Healthy fitness zone standards to determine overall physical fitness levels
What is Activity Gram?
Used in accordance with Fitness Gram to assess tool enabling students to record PA in 30 minute increments over 3 day period
What does Activity Gram track?
- Total time
- Periods of activity
- Types of activity
What kind of degree based PHE programs can you get in university?
- Consecutive - undergrad into field work for 1 to 2 years
2. Concurrent - theory and field work both in undergrad
What kind of teachers are being developed because of a lack of PE specialists?
“Gym” teachers
Are PHE specialists well developed at McGill? Why?
Yes - receive 700 hours of student teaching field work vs. 20-30 hours from other universities
What 3 provinces have certified elementary school PHE specialists for PE classes?
QC, NS, and PEI
What are PA and exercise positively associated with in children and adolescents?
- Body composition
- Motor skills
- CR health
- Metabolism
- Bone health
- Youth fitness levels
Has there been a dose-response relationship between kids and PA yet?
No
When should students start PA?
In their early teen years to maximize physiological benefits
What is current thinking emphasizing for PA in terms of the timeline in life?
Importance of PA from infancy onwards
What is happening recently with fundamental movement skills?
They are not developing as early as they should due to a lack of PA
When should locomotor skills show up?
Around 7/8yo in girls first
When should object control skills show u?
Around 10yo in boys first
Why is it important for inclusion among kids with disabilities?
Tend to be less active
What are developmental considerations for PA in youth highly dependent on?
Each child’s stage of development and growth
What does maturation do for PA?
It influences the rate and timing of specific training adaptations
How much does aerobic capacity improve for youth through PA and exercise?
The VO2 max increases from about 8 to 10%
How do mental health symptoms improve for youth through PA and exercise?
- Increase in confidence
- Increased self esteem
- Decreased depression and anxiety
How does bone health improve for youth through PA and exercise?
- Weight bearing and muscular strength/endurance activities
- Opportunity for increases in bone mass occurring in puberty and pre-menarche
How does strength improve for youth through PA and exercise?
- Gains before puberty are mostly neural - motor neuron signals
- Gains after puberty are mostly within the muscles - hypertrophy
- More efficient muscle fibre recruitment
How does the prevention of metabolic dysfunction and type II Diabetes improve for youth through PA and exercise?
Greatly reduced if receiving 60 minutes of PA daily
How do biomechanics benefits improve for youth through PA and exercise?
- Improved economy - lower energy cost attributed to body size changes and stride frequency
- Balance
- Mobility
- Motor skill
- Proprioception
How do you measure exercises for students between 6-18?
- Sit and reach
- Flexed arm hang
- Mile run
- Pull ups
- Sit ups
- Standing long jump
- Shuttle run
- 50 yard dash
- 2 mile walk
What kind of trends do you see in exercises for students between 6-18?
- Performance in girls traditionally lower than boys - changing currently
- Girls lack skills in upper body - flex arm hangs and pull ups
- Around 12-14yo (puberty), boys and girls tend to gain muscle which causes an increase in almost every exercise
What must be taken into consideration when creating annual, unit, and lesson plans?
- Sex
- Age
- Developmental stage
- High quality PE programs
- Diversity
What kind of diversity factors exists for school approaches in PA?
- Race
- Socioeconomic status and the effects of poverty
- Immigrants and refugees
- Gender
- Sexual orientation
- Religion
- Disabilities and abilities
- Bodies and body image
How does the relative emphasis in PA change in kids from 0-18?
- Increased emphasis on prescriptive PA, health, fitness, and behavioural outcomes
- Decreased emphasis on general PA and motor skills
Should youth be exposed to a variety of sports? If yes, why?
Yes - helps with motor skill development
Is sports participation more likely to increase injury?
Yes - however it is still very safe for most children
What happens if a child does not participate in a variety of physical activities?
The child is more likely to become obese and inactive as an adult
What does early elementary PE focus on?
- Learning fundamental movement skills - locomotor and object control
- Physical literacy - buzz term on ability to do PA
- Develop physical competence
- Maximize fun and enjoyment
- Minimize anxiety
- Offer choices to maximize activity
- Participation influences behaviours that are carried forward through life
What does PE directed to students of ages 10-14 focus on?
- Individual and group activities - school and club sports
- Encouraging youth to adopt and maintain PA levels to compensate for decreased PE time
- Self esteem
- Being active with friends
- Having fun and developing skills for performing activities of choice
- PA they feel competent at
- Access to equipment and facilities
- Sharing time with positive role models for PA
- Think about health and fitness for rest of lives
- Parent - adolescent communication
What does PE directed to students of ages 15-18 do?
- Structured programs aimed to help transition to adulthood
- Health and fitness
- Behaviours to be adopted and maintained in adulthood
- Balanced view of PA within leisure framework
What are 15-18yo students most at risk for?
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Losing caloric balance
- Gaining weight rapidly especially when leaving school to university
How can you get youth be active?
- Slowly increase activity in enjoyable ways
- Exceed guidelines for additional health benefits
- Maintain activity levels and vary activities to reduce overuse
- Participate in a wide range of developmentally appropriate activities
- Include children with disabilities in activities suited to their challenges
How often should students in school be doing VI activities, muscle strengthening activities, and bone strengthening activities?
- VI aerobics - 3 days of the week
- Muscle strengthening - 2 to 3 days of the week
- Bone strengthening - 2 to 3 days of the week
Should various types of activities be included?
Yes
What do a variety of activities promote?
- Avoiding overuse and injuries
- Promoting motor learning
- Cross curricular opportunities including nutrition, family, community involvement
What is the best way to influence PA in schools?
- High quality HRPE
2. Delivered by PE specialists
