Obesity Flashcards
1
Q
When was obesity recognized as a major health problem?
A
In the US surgeon general report of 2001
2
Q
What did WHO say about obesity in 2011?
A
WHO stated that obesity had more than doubled from 1980-2011
3
Q
What % of the world’s population live in countries where obesity kills more than being underweight?
A
65%
4
Q
Who created the BMI formula?
A
Belgium statistician Adolphe Quelet
5
Q
When was Adolphe Quelet alive?
A
1796-1874
6
Q
What is BMI
A
Body mass indicator used to measure obesity
7
Q
Who does BMI not work for?
A
- Muscular people
2. Kids
8
Q
What is the ratio for BMI?
A
Weight to height
9
Q
What is the metric BMI formula?
A
Weight in kg / height in m ^2
10
Q
What are the units for the metric BMI formula?
A
Kg / m^2
11
Q
What is the imperial BMI formula?
A
Weight in lbs x 703 / height in inches ^2
12
Q
What are the units for the imperial BMI formula?
A
Lbs / inches ^2
13
Q
What is the conversion factor of inches to m?
A
1m = 39.37 inches
14
Q
What is the conversion factor of kg to lbs?
A
1kg = 2.2lbs
15
Q
What is the ponderal index?
A
A more fair comparison between individuals of different stature
16
Q
How do you calculate the ponderal index?
A
Weight in kg / height in m ^3
17
Q
What are the units for the ponderal index?
A
Kg / m^3
18
Q
What is a BMI healthy range?
A
Approximately 19 - 25
19
Q
What is BMI higher risk?
A
Approximately 26 - 40
20
Q
Who uses the BMI chart?
A
Pediatricans and PE teachers use BMI charts
21
Q
Who created BMI charts?
A
WHO and Centers for Disease Control
22
Q
What does it mean if a child is in the 95th percentile of weight for a given age?
A
It means that they have increased risk of obesity due to the fact that 95% of people lie below their weight and only 5% of people lie above
23
Q
What would a typical BMI be for a short child who weighs more than normal?
A
They would have a high risk BMI
24
Q
What would be a typical BMI for a tall child with the same weight as the short child?
A
They would have a normal BMI - body parts are proportional
25
What is underweight classified as?
<18.5
26
What percentile is underweight in?
Less than the 5th percentile
27
What is normal range classified as?
18.5 - 24.9
28
What percentile is normal range in?
Between 5th and 85th percentile
29
What is overweight range classified as?
>25.0
30
What percentile is overweight in?
Between 85th and 95th percentile
31
What is pre-obese range classified as?
25.0 - 29.9
32
What is obese range classified as?
>30.0
33
What percentile is obesity in?
Greater than the 95th percentile
34
What is obese class I range classified as?
30.0 - 34.9
35
What is obese class II range classified as?
35.0 - 39.9
36
What is obese class III range classified as?
>40.0
37
What is severe thinness range classified as?
>16.0
38
What is moderate thinness range classified as?
16.0 - 16.9
39
What is mild thinness range classified as?
17.0 - 18.49
40
What is a protective factor for a population in regards to BMI?
Being within a healthy range of weight to height
41
What BMI constitutes bariatric surgery candidates?
>40.0
42
Who is Herschel Walker?
1. World champ at 100m
| 2. Fullback for the Eagles
43
What is Herschel Walker's height and weight?
6'2" and 240lbs
44
What is Herschel Walker's BMI?
32.5
45
What would HW's BMI imply about his life?
It implies that he is in the obese class I category
46
How much body fat does HW have?
4%
47
What is the discrepancy between BMI and HW?
He is technically considered in a high risk, obese class I range but when you look at his muscle vs. fat mass, he is nowhere near being too fat
48
Do women or men tend to have higher BMI's when looking at the same age category?
Women - more BF generally
49
Explain the trend of the BMI curve in men and women between 2-20 years old.
It starts off at a higher BMI because children tend to have more BF, and then it dips as they grow out of baby fat, and then it continually increases as age increases due to height, adipose tissue, and muscle changes
50
What kind of relationship exists between obesity and all cause mortality?
A U or J shaped curve
51
What does the U or J shaped curve indicate?
It implies that as BMI is on the lower range (underweight) and on the higher range (overweight), there is more of a chance for premature death/all cause mortality
52
What is the nadir of the curve?
Lowest level of something being measured
53
What is the nadir of the curve in obesity vs. all cause mortality?
The people who have the lowest risk of mortality because they have a normal range of BMI
54
What do the U and J shape curves already account for?
Smokers - with or without history of disease
| Non smokers - with or without history of disease
55
What does it mean if smokers and non smokers including their family histories are taken into account?
It means that despite whether someone smokes or does not or has a family history of disease or does not, their own individual BMI still correlates to a certain depiction of mortality rate
56
Do men tend to have all cause mortality rates higher at underweight or overweight end?
Overweight end
57
Do women tend to have all cause mortality rates higher at underweight or overweight end?
It is about equal
58
What kind of trend has been noticed in media coverage regarding obesity?
Media coverage on obesity epidemic has escalated as shown from 2000-2003 in a 4000 case increase
59
How much BF do men normally have?
12-20%
60
How much BF do obese men have?
Over 25%
61
How much BF does a man need to survive?
At least 4%
62
How much BF do women normally have?
20-30%
63
How much BF do obese women have?
Over 30%
64
How much BF does a woman need to survive?
8-9%
65
What kind of profession would someone with the minimum amount of BF be doing?
Elite running
66
What is overweight defined as?
Too much body weight for a given height and frame
67
What is obesity defined as?
An overeat level that brings with it an increased risk of serious and fatal disease
68
Can a person be overweight without being obese?
Yes
69
Give 2 examples of when someone can be overweight but not obese
1. Muscle mass is greater than adipose mass
| 2. Low waist circumference but has a high BMI
70
Who is an example of being overweight but not obese?
Herschel Walker
71
What do you typically see in older people?
Someone who is not overweight but is overfat
72
What is it called when someone is not overweight but is overfat?
Sarcopenic obesity
73
What is sarcopenia?
Loss of muscle
74
What is sarcopenic obesity?
Losing a lot of muscle which procures a larger amount of adipose tissue/fat
75
Are people with sarcopenic obesity overweight?
No they are not overweight but they do have an over abundancy of fat
76
What kind of characteristics does someone with sarcopenic obesity have?
Fat and frail
77
What are the greatest health risks to sarcopenic obesity?
1. Osteoporosis and falls
| 2. Metabolic syndrome and HD
78
What are the symptoms of frailty?
Osteoporosis
79
Are older people generally advised to retain some body fat?
Yes for BMR purposes but not when the fat becomes in excess
80
What % of people over 20 are overweight in the US?
67%
81
What % of youth between 2-19 are overweight?
16.3%
82
What % increase has the prevalence of overweightness been seen in 2-5yo?
5 to 12.4%
83
What % increase has the prevalence of overweightness been seen in 6-11yo?
6.5 to 17%
84
What % increase has the prevalence of overweightness seen in 12-19yo?
5 to 17.6%
85
What 3 things does PIA and excess weight when combined do to revenue in society?
1. Increases health care medical costs
2. Increases worker compensation
3. Increases a loss of productivity
86
What other diseases are you at an increased risk for if you have obesity?
1. CHD
2. Type II diabetes
3. Certain cancers
4. HT
5. High cholesterol
6. Stroke
7. Liver and gall bladder diseases
8. Sleep apnea and respiratory problems
9. OA
10. Gynaecological problems
87
What kinds of cancers do you have increases risks for when you are obese?
1. Endometrium
2. Colon
3. Breast
88
What constitutes a gynaecological problem?
Issues with menses and fertility
89
What is type I diabetes?
An auto-immune disorder where the body cannot produce insulin in the pancreas
90
What is type I diabetes also known as?
Juvenile diabetes
91
What is type II diabetes?
A metabolic disorder where the body can create insulin but there is too much glucose and so little space to bind that the body becomes insulin resistant and you retain glucose
92
What is type II diabetes also known as?
Adult diabetes
93
Is type II diabetes becoming prevalent in children nowadays?
Yes
94
What are modifiable risk factors for obesity?
1. PIA
2. Excess caloric intake
3. Low socio-economic status
95
What are non modifiable risk factors for obesity?
1. Age
2. Heredity
3. Ethnicity
4. Culture
5. Metabolism
96
What kind of PA best targets weight maintenance?
Aerobic activity is preferred over resistance training
97
What is the volume of PA needed for weight maintenance?
13 to 26 MET hours per week
98
What does 13 to 26 MET hours equate to?
1. Walking 4 mph for 150 minutes of the week
| 2. Jogging 6mph for 75 minutes of the week
99
What is the best combination for weight maintenance?
Diet and exercise
100
What volume is needed to prevent weight regain?
30 MET hours or more per week
101
What is 30 MET hours equating to?
Walking 4 miles per hour for 50 minutes daily
102
How much PA should children acquire to prevent the risk of obesity?
At least 30 minutes of MVPA
103
What is an epidemiological measure?
The frequency at which an event occurs in terms of injury, disease, and cause of death
104
What was the issue with Grow Up Fertilizer?
Farmers had an increased prevalence to get ill due to toxins inside the fertilizer
105
What is an incident case?
New occurrences of these events during a time period of interest
106
What is a prevalent case?
Diseases that are developed and diagnosed already during a time period of interest
107
What are 2 examples of incident cases?
1. Deaths from a certain disease
| 2. Not injured becoming injured
108
What trend is seen in adult overweight and obese categories at greater than 20yo in 1988 to 2003?
Overweight: 55% to 65%
Obesity: 22% to 32%
109
Are obese people categorized into the overweight portion?
Yes - because obese people also have >25 BMI alike overweight
110
Are overweight people categorized into the obese portion?
No - because overweight people do not have >30 BMI
111
Which group has a higher total % - overweight + obese or just obese?
Overweight + obese
112
What trend is seen in adult overweight and obese categories at greater than 20yo between specifically 1999 and 2003?
A smaller increase in the prevalence of overweightness and obesity compared to the increase from 1988 - 2003
113
Where is the prevalence of metabolic syndrome noted?
1. Italy
2. US
3. Omani
4. Porto
5. Indian Americas
114
What typically occurs when people have arthritis or other rheumatic conditions?
They have reduced levels of leisure time PA due to these disabilities
115
How many people does arthritis and rheumatic conditions affect in the USA as of 1995?
About 40 million
116
How many people are arthritis and rheumatic conditions projected to affect in the USA as of 2020?
About 60 million
117
Are arthritis and rheumatic conditions the leading cause of disability in the US?
Yes
118
Why is PA leisure time down in people with arthritic disabilities?
They become less likely to do PA
119
What is a rate in epidemiology?
Number of events, cases, or deaths per population of interest across some period of time
120
What is a rate also described as in epidemiology?
The progression of disease statistics in terms of numbers in a specific population
121
What amount of children <12yo had medically attended injuries?
3835 - 8% of their population
122
What amount of children between 12-17yo had medically attended injuries?
2889 - about 12% of their population
123
How many people in Canada are obese?
7.6 million
124
What percentage of Canadians is this total?
7.6/33 = 0.231 = 23.1%
125
What is the approximate fraction of obesity in Canada?
About 1 in 4
126
What is the BRFSS?
Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System
127
What was considered as the obesity epidemic in America?
People with a BMI over 30 or people who were 30lbs overweight for a person at 5'4"
128
What is the typical trend of obesity in America between 1985-1990?
1. A lot of states were not surveyed
2. Most states began in the <10%
3. As the years went on, the ratio of states went closer to most being in the 10-14% range
129
What happened in 1991 with the obesity epidemic in America?
An addition of a new colour was founded for mapping out states with 15-19% obesity rates
130
What is the typical trend of obesity from 1990-1995?
1. Colorado was the last state to move to 10-14%
2. All states are at 10-14% or higher
3. Increasing proportion of 15-19%
131
What happened in 1997 with the obesity epidemic in America?
An addition of a new colour was founded for mapping out states with >20% obesity rates
132
What is the typical trend of obesity from 1995-2000?
1. Increasing amount of 15-19%
2. After 1997, most states are now at >20%
3. Colorado was the last state to move out of 10-14%
133
What happened in 2001 with the obesity epidemic in America?
An addition of a new colour was founded for mapping out states with >25% obesity rates
134
What is the typical trend of obesity from 2000-2005?
1. Most states sit at >25% obesity
| 2. 1 in 4 Americans have obesity
135
What happened in 2005 with the obesity epidemic in America?
An addition of a new colour was founded for mapping out states with >30% obesity rates
136
What is the typical trend from 2005-2010?
1. Most states are at 25-29% of obesity rates
2. The South is sitting primarily at >30%
3. Colorado is the last state to change to 25-29%
137
What is the age adjusted obesity rate as of 2015?
USA is >26% obese
138
What is the age adjusted diabetes rate as of 2015?
USA in >9.0% diabetic in cases where obese is prevalent
139
What kind of obesity trend did Canada see in 1990?
Most provinces sat between 10-14% except for AB, BC, and QC
140
What kind of obesity trend did Canada see in 1994?
All provinces were at 10-14% obesity but now SK, MB, and the Maritimes were at 15-19% obese
141
What kind of obesity trend did Canada see in 1998?
All provinces were at 15-19% obese except for BC and QC
142
What kind of obesity trend did Canada see in 2000?
1. BC and QC at 10-14%
2. Yukon and central provinces are at 15-19%
3. NW, NU, and Maritimes are >20% obese
143
When CDC measured the prevalence of BMI at 30+ in Canada between 1978 and 2010, what techniques did they use?
1. Self reporting - telephone survey
| 2. Measuring - bringing people in
144
What was the general trend of BMI being at 30+ between 1978-2010 in Canada?
There was a steep almost doubling in the prevalence of obesity
145
Is self reporting accurate?
No
146
How does CDC's study on BMI of over 30+ prove that self reporting is not accurate?
Measured BMI over 30 at 25% of people
| Self reported BMI over 30 at 17% of people
147
Why is self reporting inaccurate?
1. Non reliance of survey
| 2. Under/over reporting
148
What do men tend to over report?
Height
149
What do women tend to under report?
Weight
150
What do seriously obese people tend to not do?
Weigh themselves because they are fearful of what they might see
151
What are the trends of changing Canadian obesity rates between 1978-2004 in young adults (25-34)?
A tripling of obesity
152
What are the trends of changing Canadian obesity rates between 1978-2004 in children (12-17)?
A doubling of obesity
153
What are the trends of changing Canadian obesity rates between 1978-2004 in elderly (75+)?
A more than doubling of obesity
154
What percentage of elderly have sarcopenic obesity as of 2004?
About 30-40% of elderly people
155
What is a common trend seen in obese young adults?
They are likely to become obese older adults
156
Were genetic influences hard to measure 30 years ago?
Yes
157
What do they use to measure genes nowadays?
Genomic readers
158
Who is Dr. Stuntgart?
Father of Psychiatry
159
What did Dr. Stuntgart do?
He found separated identical twins and that the circumference of the children had identical profiles to a BMI closer related to their birth parents and to each other than their adoptive parents
160
What is a typical comparison between Canadian and American obesity rates?
Canadian women and men tend to be less obese
161
By what % are Canadian men less obese than American men?
About 5%
162
By what % are Canadian women less obese than American women?
About 10%
163
Who accounts for a large proportion of obese women in America?
African American women
164
What is the ratio of AA women who are obese in USA?
About 1 in 2
165
When looking at the % distribution of household population above 18 in Canada, where do most people sit?
In the normal weight range between 18.5 - 24.9 BMI
166
When looking at the % distribution of household population above 18 in Canada in 2004, who is included in the underweight group?
1. Cancer patients
2. Anorectic individuals
3. Lean athletes
167
When looking at the % distribution of household population above 18 in Canada in 2004, are men more overweight and obese class I than women?
Yes
168
When looking at the % distribution of household population above 18 in Canada in 2004, are women more obese class II and III than men?
Yes
169
When looking at the % distribution of household population above 18 in Canada in 2004, are there more women or men at a normal weight?
There are more women sitting at a normal weight than men are
170
When looking at the % distribution of household population above 18 in Canada in 2004, what could the high number of overweight men be due to?
It could be due to discrepancies of muscle mass exclusion in the BMI ratio
171
In which country, outside of Canada and US, are female obesity rates the highest as of 1992?
England
172
What problem do developed countries have similar to USA and Canada?
Increasing obesity rate
173
What 3 countries have increased female obesity rates as of 1980 to 1992?
1. Australia
2. Brazil
3. England
174
Has the prevalence of female obesity gone down in Brazil since the study of female obesity rates done in 1980 to 1992?
Yes - they have created better promotions of PA including Move for Health on World Health Day
175
What happened to Japanese female obesity rates in 1980-1992?
They maintained and even decreased slightly in the amount of female obesity
176
What happened to Swedish female obesity rates in 1980-1992?
They maintained and only slightly increased in the amount of female obesity
177
Why would Japan and Sweden have lower female obesity rates?
1. Diet of F/V
| 2. Active commuters
178
What kinds of modifiable factors contribute to less obesity?
1. Higher level education
| 2. Socio-economic status
179
At what age does the obesity epidemic start as seen in Canada in 2004?
It moves the greatest amount for men from 18-24 into 25-34 and it moves the greatest amount for women from 35-44 into 45-54
180
What happens to the rate and numbers of obesity as you age?
1. Rate will drop off
| 2. Numbers continue to increase
181
When does the numbers of obesity stop increasing and start decreasing on the age spectrum?
After the age of 64 for both men and women
182
Why would the prevalence of obesity start to decrease after the age of 64?
1. Obese people get sick and die early
2. Older people do not get the same enjoyment of food due to a loss of smell and taste buds which causes minimized intake
183
What could be 1 reason why 35-44yo men have lower risks of obesity than 25-34yo men?
Plainly due to their age - most men between 25 and 34 are finishing university and starting to live life on their own again
184
What race did CDC find to have the least prevalence of obesity?
White non hispanics
185
What race did CDC find to have the second most prevalence of obesity?
Hispanics
186
What race did CDC find to have the most prevalence of obesity?
AA non hispanics
187
Of these AA non hispanics that are obese, what gender is it mainly?
Women
188
At the current rate of increase in obesity, what is the stat said to be by 2059?
All Americans will be overweight
189
According to the races that are most likely to become obese, who is most likely to become diabetic?
1. AA non hispanics and Native Americans
2. Hispanics
3. White non Hispanics
190
Are people obsessed with weight?
Yes
191
Is thin waist and high BMI ideal?
No
192
What gender has the most problems with optimal BW?
Women - typically Caucasian women
193
Why are AA women more realistic with their weight than Caucasian women?
There is not as much of a stigma on weight in the AA population
194
What is the magnitude of obesity in accordance with?
The prevalence of obesity in society
195
Which age category has the worst magnitude of obesity?
45 to 54 year olds and 55 to 64 year olds
196
What causes decreases in the magnitude of obesity at 75+?
1. Death
2. Decrease in enjoyment of food
3. Decrease in intake of food
4. Sarcopenic obesity (appearing to be over fat but do not have a high BMI)
197
What is the optimal BW?
BMI at 18.5 - 24.9
198
What is a weight optimal for appearances?
1. Individually decided
| 2. Based largely on beauty standards
199
What is a weight optimal for peak performances?
Based on the sport or performance that the individual is looking for
200
What 3 layers of the body are there?
1. Outer- skin and fat
2. Middle - muscles
3. Inner - bones
201
What are the 2 typical body composition changes in Canadian people from 25 to 55 years old?
1. Gaining 1 pound per year = 30lb increase
| 2. Losing 1/2 pound per year = 15lb decrease
202
What is the total increase of weight for the average Canadian between 25 to 55 years old?
If you lose 15lbs but gain a net 30lbs, you have actually gained 45lbs
203
What is it called when you think you are losing weight every year due to muscles but are actually gaining it back through mass and lifestyle choices?
Creeping obesity
204
What comprises of lean tissue?
1. Muscle
2. Bone
3. Connective tissue
4. Organs
205
What comprises of fat tissue?
1. Sub cutaneous fat
| 2. Internal fat - android obesity over abdominal region
206
What are lab methods of determining body composition?
Tests done within the lab with specialized equipment
207
What is underwater weighing?
A lab method of determining % fat by weighing a person on land, underwater, and then estimating their body density of mass/volume which is correlated to their % of fat
208
What is bioelectrical impedance?
A lab method where current enters the body and measures the resistance drop throughout the body
209
Where are electrodes placed in bioelectrical impedance?
1. Attachment of wrist to machine and other wrist to an electrode
2. Attachment of foot to machine and other foot to an electrode
210
What happens to the resistance if you have a lot of muscle?
Muscle is 70-73% water so there will be a smaller resistance drop as the current travels through
211
What happens to the resistance if you have a lot of fat?
Fat is 10% water so there will be a greater resistance drop as the current travels through
212
What is wrong with bioelectrical impedance?
It has a fancy output but it is not a great measure of the % fat
213
What are examples of bioelectrical impedance?
1. Taneda scales
| 2. Ultrasound wounds
214
What are 2 other lab methods used to determine percent of fat?
1. Ultrasounds
| 2. X rays
215
What is an MRI?
A lab method to determine fat by producing images of organs
216
What is a DEXA machine?
A lab method used to determine bone, fat, and muscles by dual energy and x ray absorptiometry
217
What is a CT scan?
A lab method used to determine visceral adiposity
218
What is a downfall of a CT scan?
It's dose of radiation is fairly high
219
What are field method measurements in assessing body composition?
Tests that can be done by any odd person and does not require use of extensive equipment
220
What are 3 examples of field methods?
1. BMI
2. Skinfold measurements
3. Circumference measurements
221
What margin of error do field methods have?
+/- 4%
222
What is the bod pod?
A pressurized cage that measures body volume and assesses alike underwater weighing
223
What is the bod pod used to do?
Determining density and thus, % of fat and muscle
224
Who is the bod pod good to use on?
Children
225
What did Dr. King do a study on?
The effects of maternal adversity on the birth of children when the pregnant mother had to survive an ice storm
226
Where do men normally accumulate adiposity?
Abdomen - android obesity - apple shape
227
Where do women normally accumulate adiposity?
Hips - gynoid obesity - pear shape
228
What is the waist/hip ratio?
It is the waist circumference divided by the hip circumference
229
What is the waist/hip ratio related to?
Android obesity and internal body fat
230
What are the AHA standards for waist/hip ratio?
Males - less than 1.0
| Females - less than 0.8
231
Where is the most hazardous place for fat to be stored?
Upper body
232
What is visceral fat?
Interior fat that is hard on touch and more difficult to lose
233
What is subcutaneous fat?
Exterior fat that is jiggly
234
What did Dr. Despres study?
The effects of VPA on decreasing visceral body fat
235
What happens as fat cells enlarge?
They push up against the skin
236
What happens when muscle is surrounded by too much fat?
The fat becomes marbled into the muscle
237
While the fat is pushing up against the skin, what is also happening?
Tough, long connective cords are pulling the fat down
238
What is this up-down tension in fat cells called?
Cellulite
239
What does cellulite do?
It creates an uneven surface or dimpling
240
How much does the cellulite industry make per year?
$3 billion
241
How many people are estimated to have metabolic syndrome in the USA?
About 47 million people
242
What are contributing factors to MS?
Genetics and environment
243
What are resulting factors of MS?
CVD and type II diabetes
244
What are characteristics of MS?
1. Inflammation
2. High BP
3. High triglyceride levels
4. High glucose or insulin levels
5. Visceral/abdominal adiposity
6. High LDL
7. Abnormal vascular responses - prothrombotic
8. Low HDL-C levels
245
What does it mean to be prothrombotic?
Increased risk of blood clots
246
What is MS a consequence of?
Obesity
247
What is the trend for the prevalence of MS among US adults?
As age increases, so does the chances for MS
248
Are younger or older bodies better at handling the assault of their body?
Younger bodies can sustain unhealthy functioning better than older bodies
249
Who has the highest risk of MS in the US?
Women above the age of 70 and men + women in the age range of 60-69
250
Who has the lowest risk of MS in the US?
Women between 20-29 years old
251
What is a normal blood sugar?
80-100mg/dl
252
What is pre-diabetic blood sugar?
100-120mg/dl
253
What is high blood sugar/hyperglycemic?
>120mg/dl
254
What is low blood sugar/hypoglycemic?
<70mg/dl
255
What is very low blood sugar?
<40mg/dl
256
What can you occur at very low blood sugars?
Unconsciousness
257
What amount of Canadians had diagnosed diabetes in 2008 and 2009?
Approximately 2.4 million - 6% overall
258
Are there chances for unreported cases of diabetes?
Yes - at least a million
259
Where is the highest prevalence of diabetes in Canada?
Ontario and the Maritimes
260
Where is the lowest prevalence of diabetes in Canada?
Nunavut and Alberta
261
What are other names to MS?
1. Syndrome X
| 2. Insulin Resistant Syndrome
262
What are the 2 main RF's for MS?
1. CVD
| 2. Type II diabetes
263
What is the progression of obesity?
Obesity - MS - diabetes - CVD
264
What are acknowledged as important causative factors in MS?
1. Central obesity
| 2. Insulin resistance
265
Is MS well understood?
Not yet - too complex
266
What are the 5 RF's associated with MS as stated by NCEP ATP III?
1. Abdominal obesity
2. Triglyceride level
3. HDL
4. BP
5. Fasting plasma glucose
267
How many of the RF's do you need to have to be described as having MS?
3 of the 5
268
Does diabetes follow the same criterion as MS?
Yes
269
What 4 other factors are included when assessing diabetes?
1. Family history
2. Ethnicity or race
3. Sedentary lifestyle
4. History of CVD (high risk of HD and stroke)
270
What are the 3 ways to diagnose diabetes?
1. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test - after 8 hours
2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test - after 8 hours and ingestion of glucose 2 hours before
3. Random Plasma Glucose Test - diabetic symptoms present
271
What test is normally used for gestational diabetes?
Oral glucose tolerance test
272
What is the indicator that someone has diabetes?
When one of these tests has a highly increased glucose level?
273
What are the guidelines for abdominal obesity as an RF for MS?
Men - >102 cm
| Women - >88 cm
274
What are the guidelines for triglycerides as an RF for MS?
>150 mg/dl
275
What are the guidelines for HDL as an RF for MS?
Men - <40mg/dl
| Women - <50mg/dl
276
What are the guidelines for blood pressure as an RF for MS?
>130/>85 mmHg - could be equal to these numbers
277
What are the guidelines for fasting plasma glucose as an RF for MS?
>110mg/dl - could be equal to this number
278
What 2 changes are there to RF's for MS in terms of the IDF organization?
1. Men >94cm abdominal obesity
2. Women >80cm abdominal obesity
3. >100mg/dl for fasting plasma glucose
279
What are the 5 major health problems with regards to obesity?
1. Risk for type II diabetes
2. RF for some kinds of cancers
3. High total cholesterol
4. High BP linked to RF for CHD
5. Social, psychological, financial, and health care problems
280
What is the risk factor of MS in regards to PA?
When there is self reported high PA levels, there is a lower risk of MS yet when there is self reported low PA levels, there is a higher risk of MS
281
What is the risk factor of developing MS in regards to fitness level?
As the level of fitness increases, the risk of MS decreases yet as level of fitness decreases, the risk of MS increases
282
What is the age adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Canada?
About 1 in every 4 people:
Women - 25.2%
Men - 26.8%
283
Which group in Canada experiences the least MS?
Chinese
284
Which women are less likely to experience MS than men?
1. Chinese
| 2. European
285
Which women are more likely to experience MS than men?
1. South Asian
| 2. Aboriginal
286
Which group in Canada experiences the most MS?
Aboriginals at 40-45%
287
How does PA help MS?
1. Increased TEE
2. Increased protein synthesis
3. Increased AA uptake into skeletal muscle
4. Reduced LDL
5. Reduced triglyceride levels
6. Increased HDL
7. Improved glucose tolerance
288
What is the paradox in the USA regarding obesity and PA?
1. Dollars spent on diets and diet products in 2017 in the US was equal to 50 billion
2. Number of US Health Club members rose to 39.4 million in Jan 2004
3. 2003 US industry revenues received 14.1 billion
289
Why is MS so prevalent if diet products and PA are supposedly being advertised so much?
1. Not sticking to training plan
2. Poor choices
3. Location and availability
290
What is the Mark Eden Developer?
A fad concerning a small exercise mechanism that says it will improve bust line in a short period of time
291
Did the Mark Eden Developer work?
It was claimed to work for a few people but the results mainly indicated that it did not work for most people
292
What was the Dr. Oz Green Coffee Extract study?
Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, linear dose, crossover study to evaluate efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects
293
What were the results of the study?
Inaccurate and it was later retracted
294
Should you be wary around some weight loss products?
Yes
295
Are weight loss skin patches or shoe inserts reliable?
No
296
What 3 products should you avoid in weight loss products?
1. Ephedra
2. Ephedrine
3. Ma Huang
297
What do fat blockers or shrinkers do?
1. Do not absorb or bind fat
| 2. Interfere with fat digestion
298
What do fat absorbers or magnets do?
1. Flush fat out before being absorbed
299
What kind of tea should you avoid?
Diet teas that only cause a loss of bodily fluids
300
Are fiber tablets, bee pollen, or laxatives recommended for weight loss?
No
301
Should you use electrical muscle stimulators for WL or body toning?
No
302
What are the 4 main things accounting for a sudden increase in the prevalence of obesity?
1. Western diet
2. Increased sodium
3. Portion size
4. Media
303
What is positive energy balance?
Caloric consumption > caloric expenditure
304
What is positive energy balance linked to?
Weight gain
305
Where does the population sit in terms of energy balance?
Positive energy balance
306
What is neutral energy balance?
Caloric consumption = caloric expenditure
307
What is neutral energy balance linked to?
Weight maintenance
308
What is negative energy balance?
Caloric consumption < caloric expenditure
309
What is negative energy balance linked to?
Weight loss
310
What are some plausible factors explaining the development of obesity?
1. Genetics
2. Body responses
3. Learned behaviour
4. Lack of discipline
5. Work hours
6. Portion sizes
7. Snack foods
8. Depression
9. TV
10. Physical disability
311
What study was conducted regarding twins?
Testers added a surplus of 1000 kcals to the twin's normal diets to see its affect
312
What was the initial variability between Twin A and Twin B?
They were at different body sizes - 4kg or 14kg - tremendous variability
313
What was the results of the twin study?
Weight gain was relatively similar in terms of patterns despite the starting point
314
What is the typical BMI for PIMA Indians in Arizona?
Women - 36
| Men - 30
315
What is the typical BMI for PIMA Indians in Mexico?
Women - 25
| Men - 25
316
What is causing the discrepancy between Arizona and Mexico PIMA Indians?
Mexicans live rural with increased PA and healthy food whereas Arizona lives on a reservation with a Western diet and decreased PA
317
What is the overview of the PIMA Indian study?
They have the exact same kind of culture/DNA but vary largely in BMI due to different environments
318
Can identical twins look different in body composition?
Yes - but that will be due to training - i.e. runner vs. body builder
319
What are the 2 main factors related to the onset of obesity?
1. Altered dietary intake
| 2. Easy to access inexpensive food
320
Where is there the most amount of KFC?
China
321
Which park has 4 McDonald's in it?
Stratford Olympic Park
322
How many customers does the McDonald's at Stratford seat?
1500
323
How common is McDonald's in the US?
It is speckled everywhere, especially on the East and South Coasts
324
What is the trend in energy intake from 1977 to 1994?
There was an increase of 200 calories, accounting for a few pound increase each month
325
What is the trend in snacks consumed from 1977 to 1994?
There is a gradual increase of snacks consumed
326
What is the trend in the percentage of kcal consumed at home from 1977 to 1994?
It has decreased because fewer women were in the workforce in 1977/1978 and would always make meals for their family but now people work a lot more at >10 hours per day and only want readily available food that they do not have to cook
327
What is the trend in the amount of Mexican food eaten at home from 1977 to 1994?
It has slightly increased
328
What is the trend in the amount of Mexican food eaten in fast foods from 1977 to 1994?
It has significantly increased
329
What is the trend in the amount of Mexican food eaten in restaurants from 1977 to 1994?
It has slightly increased
330
By approximately how much have soft drinks increased their portion sizes from 1978 to 1998?
By about 8oz or 200mL
331
By approximately how much have fruit drinks increased their portion sizes from 1978 to 1998?
By about 3oz
332
By approximately how much have hamburgers increased their portion sizes from 1978 to 1998?
A couple ounces more
333
By approximately how much have french fries increased their portion sizes from 1978 to 1998?
A couple ounces more
334
In general, what is trend in portion sizes?
Most things given out today are in much higher portion sizes than they were 40 years ago
335
Which range of years did portion size change most drastically?
Between 1965 and 2005
336
What kind of trend do you see in calories per capita per day between 1965 and 2005?
It has gradually increased
337
What kind of trend do you see in the % of overweight and obese people from 1965-2005?
It has increased
338
What does increased calories per day and larger portion sizes link to?
They link to an increased prevalence of obesity and overweightness in society
339
In who does portion size of food affect energy intake and how?
In normal weight and overweight men and women, larger portions contribute to excess energy intake and greater obesity levels
340
Why is a large plate affecting energy intake?
People do not realize how much more food they put on a larger plate than a smaller plate
341
Has food intake increased increased in both men and women?
Yes - in terms of portion size and energy intake
342
What are 6 shifts in food practices in North America?
1. Fast food consumption
2. Reduced frequency of family meals
3. Restrained eating and meal skipping
4. Consumption of soft drinks changing from 27 gallons in 1972 to 44 gallons in 1992
5. 30 000 more products in the supermarket
6. Increased portion sizes
343
What will rats do if food is readily available to them all the time?
They will overeat until they die
344
When and why was McDonald's Supersize phased out?
It was phased out on March 3rd, 2004 because many lawsuits on over consumption were becoming a detriment to the company
345
What is the Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet?
High protein diet
346
What is the Pritikin principle?
Calorie dense diet that is high carb and low fat
347
What is the Atkin's Essentials diet?
High protein and high fat with low carbs
348
What happens when you exclude one or more of the food groups?
You put someone into negative energy balance
349
What is RMR?
Resting Metabolic Rate
350
What is RMR dependent on?
Body mass composition and amount of lean tissue
351
How is RMR measured?
1. Sleep at home
2. Come to lab
- -> slightly elevated
352
What is BMR?
Basal metabolic rate
353
Who is BMR useful for?
Dieticians
354
How is BMR measured?
1. Sleep at lab
2. Measure in lab
- -> Lower than RMR and more accurate
355
What is TEF?
The total thermic effect of food
356
What constitutes TEF?
Chewing, breakdown, and excretion of food throughout the day
357
What is PAL?
Physical activity levels varying by person
358
What is NEAT?
Non exercise activity thermogenesis - fidgeting factor
359
What is exercise?
Purposeful PA
360
What is TEE?
Adding up TEF, RMR, and PAL
361
What does TEA/PAL take up in EE over 24 hours?
About 15-30%
362
Is TEA variable?
Yes - you have control over this part of your TEE and it can vary up and down dependent on own activity levels
363
What does TEF take up in EE over 24 hours?
About 10%
364
What does RMR take up in EE over 24 hours?
About 60 to 75%
365
What is the disuse affect on EE?
Body goes into disuse and decreases RMR, TEF, and TEE
366
What is the PA/exercise effect on EE?
Body increases RMR, TEF, and TEE
367
What happens when you are highly active in terms of your viscera?
You have a quicker GI transit for the TEF
368
What happens when you are highly active in terms of your viscera?
You have a quicker GI transit for the TEF
369
How much muscle tissue is lost during weight loss in obese patients?
25%
370
How much muscle tissue is lost during weight loss in bariatric surgery candidates?
35 to 40%
371
How much of a calorie drop in RMR does a kg of body weight lost amount to?
20 cal/d drop in RMR
372
If you lose 20kg, how much will your RMR be reduced by each day?
400cals/day
373
Why does the RMR go down in general post obesity?
There is less of the person to sustain after losing weight so RMR drops to account for the weight lost
374
What effect does exercise have on RMR?
More muscle creates a higher RMR
375
Why is there an increased RMR during exercise?
The body has a greater ability to burn and use metabolic rate when there are more muscles to help out
376
Why do older people have slower metabolisms?
You lose muscle as you age
377
What reduces RMR?
Prolonged caloric restriction
378
When you are prolonging calories, what kind of energy balance does that put you in?
Negative energy balance for a long time period
379
Why does prolonged caloric restriction decrease RMR?
There is nothing to burn inside the body so the RMR will try not to burn anything
380
If you have severe caloric restriction, how much is your RMR reduced?
By 45%
381
What kind of response do you see in regular exercise that is similar to prolonged caloric restriction?
Self preservation type of stress reponse
382
Is a more muscular person or a more fatty person have a faster RMR?
A muscular person
383
If you are severely obese, what is your RMR like?
It is not fast
384
Why do obese people have slow RMR?
There is little blood flow to the fat so it does not metabolize calories as easily which put all the stress on the skeletal region
385
Why would obese people when losing weight decrease their RMR further?
There is less SA to use energy on
386
What is a secular trend?
Remaining consistent over the long term (1960-1970-1980-1990)
387
What has been the secular trend in diet from 1950 to 1990?
Energy and fat intake have maintained the same or slightly decreased
388
What has been the secular obesity trend from 1950 to 1990?
Obesity has increased
389
What has been the secular trend in cars per household from 1950 to 1990?
It has increased
390
What has been the secular trend in TV viewing hours from 1950 to 1990?
It has increased
391
What does the increase in obesity most probably mirror?
It mirrors the prevalence of inactivity and sedentarism over one's diet
392
Do patterns in activity better explain obesity?
Yes
393
What study did NHANES do in 1998 that attracted a lot of media attention?
Skinfolds in relation to TV watching
394
What were the results of the NHANES 1998 study on Skinfolds relating to TV watching?
As the amount of TV watching increases to over 4 hours, the amount of skin folds also increases
395
What gender is an increase in skin folds more prevalent in?
Female
396
How much TV are children currently watching?
Approximately 4+ hours every day OR they are spending 4+ hours on their screens/TV total every day
397
Is the TV a cue to eat?
Watching more TV causes an increase in caloric intake for US children
398
Which gender does the relationship between hours of TV watched and caloric intake affect most?
Boys
399
What % of US adults over 18+ are doing irregular activity?
45% - almost every 1 in 2
400
What constitutes irregular activity?
Weekend exercisers
401
What % of US adults over 18+ are doing regular sustained activity?
25% - every 1 in 4
402
What % of US adults over 18+ are doing no activity?
30% - every 1 in 3
403
What kind of exercise prescription has the greatest effect in fitness but can be very time consuming?
1. Vigorous
2. Sustained and uninterrupted
3. Done on 3-5 days of the week
4. Sophisticated by receiving advice from an exercise professional
404
What is exercise known as in current times?
The art of converting big meals and fattening snacks into back strains and pulled muscles by lifting heavy weights that do not need to be moved or running when no one is chasing you
405
What are the reactions of people who have not exercised in 30-40 years?
They are typically less excited than someone who does exercise normally
406
Who receives the greatest health benefits?
More active active people
407
Who receives the greatest gains of health benefits?
Couch potatoes who are made to be more active
408
What kind of relationship exists between health benefits and PA?
A parabolic curve that increases health benefits as PA goes up - not necessarily dose response yet
409
What is the order of who receives the most initial gains of health benefits?
Sedentary --> moderately active --> active
410
What kind of theoretical pattern of PA would a sedentary individual have over 24 hours?
They would never hit above 2 METS the whole day
411
What kind of theoretical pattern of PA would a leisure time exerciser have over 24 hours?
They would expend about 10-11 METS for 30 to 40 minutes but then live the same sedentary lifestyle for the rest of the day around 2-3 METS
412
What kind of theoretical pattern of PA would a lifestyle exerciser have over 24 hours?
They would be participating in activities all throughout the day by walking to bus stop, jogging, taking stairs, walking after dinner etc.
413
What kind of study did Dr. Andersen hold in terms of treating obesity?
He looked at how lifestyle vs. programmed exercise affected the WL of obese people
414
Who were the subjects of Dr. Andersen's study on treating obesity?
1. 40 obese women assigned to either a diet plus programmed aerobic exercise or diet plus increased lifestyle activity
2. Diet consisted of 1200kcal/d on BCD diet
415
How long did Dr. Andersen's study last on treating obesity?
16 weeks
416
What did all subjects of Dr. Andersen's study on treating obesity receive?
Weekly behavioural counselling from a clinical psychologist
417
What were the results of WL in Dr. Andersen's study on treating obesity?
Both groups lost approximately the same weight with aerobic exercises losing slightly more
418
What were the results of serum cholesterol changes in Dr. Andersen's study on treating obesity?
Both experienced decreases in the amount of cholesterol - aerobic group did start with less to begin with so they ended with less than the aerobic group
419
What were the results of total treadmill time in Dr. Andersen's study on treating obesity?
Both groups improved their fitness in clinically meaningful and significant ways over the 16 weeks
420
What was the overview after week 16 and to a year later at week 68 in Dr. Andersen's study on treating obesity?
1. Women continued to attend the aerobic workouts because they had 95% turnouts on 3 days of the week during the study and continued to like their teacher and program
2. Aerobic group had regained slightly more weight than the lifestyle group
3. Lifestyle group had acquired new habits relevant to lifelong sustainability
421
What are the Surgeon General Report Guidelines critical for?
Long term weight control
422
What does the SGR suggest for activity during the week?
About 30 minutes of moderate intensity every day or 30 minutes of vigorous intensity every week
423
What occurred 12 weeks post treatment weight change in Dr. Andersen's study on treating obesity?
1. Control group - increased weight
2. Lifestyle group - managed to stay at a 0 balance difference between weight change
3. Aerobic group - managed to continue losing weight
424
What were these post treatment weight changes in Dr. Andersen's study on treating obesity in accordance with?
The percentage of weeks that met or exceed SGR guidelines
425
What is the Harris and Benedict equation and when did they patent it?
It is a BMR equation based on weight, height, and age and was founded in 1919
426
What is the metric BMR formula for women?
BMR = 655 + (9.6 x kg) + (1.8 x cm) - (4.7 x years)
427
What is the metric formula for men?
BMR = 66 + (13.7 x kg) + (5 x cm) - (6.8 x years)
428
What happens to BMR as height and weight goes up?
BMR goes up
429
Why does metabolism go down as you age?
Less lean body mass
430
What happens to BMR as age goes up?
BMR goes down
431
How many pounds of tissue do you lose between 25 and 55?
1/2 lb each year - 15lbs total
432
Why is the Harris and Benedict formula accurate?
It calculates caloric needs based on height, weight, and age rather than just BW alone
433
What is the only factor that Harris and Benedict omit?
Lean body mass and thus the ratio of muscle to fat the body has
434
Do leaner bodies need more calories than bodies that are not as lean?
Yes
435
Why is the HB formula not accurate in very muscular people?
It will underestimate muscular people's caloric needs
436
Why is the HB formula not accurate for very fat people?
It will overestimate fat people's caloric needs
437
How can you determine daily total caloric needs from the HB formula?
Multiply the BMR by the appropriate activity factor
438
What is the activity factor for a sedentary person?
Little to no exercise = 1.2
439
What is the AF for a lightly active person?
Light activity on 1 to 3 days of the week = 1.375
440
What is the AF for a moderately active person?
Moderate activity on 3 to 5 days of the week = 1.55
441
What is the AF for a very active person?
High intensity activity on 6 to 7 days of the week = 1.725
442
What is the AF for an extra active person?
2x regular high intensity training = 1.9
443
What does the calculation of BMR x AF mean?
It shows the total number of calories needed in order to maintain current weight
444
What can you do once you know the number of calories needed to maintain your weight?
You can evaluate the number of calories needed to eat in order to gain or lose weight
445
What does caloric surplus indicate?
Weight gain
446
What does a 500 cal deficit indicate?
Weight loss
447
What 3 things that occur when you reduce caloric intake only by diet?
1. Lose more body weight than just exercise
2. Lose body fat but not as much as with exercise
3. Lose some fat free body mass
448
What are 3 things that occur when you reduce caloric intake by exercise?
1. Lose body weight but not as much as with diet
2. Lose more body fat than just diet
3. Gain most fat free body mass
449
What are 3 things that occur when you reduce caloric intake by a combination of exercise and diet?
1. Lose most body weight
2. Lost most body fat
3. Gain some fat free body mass
450
What is lean tissue?
Metabolically active tissue
451
What period is most difficult for lean tissue to thrive?
After treatment
452
What do individual studies show?
Large variability in results
453
When were the most major research review studies?
In the 70's/80's/90's
454
What did Epstein and Wing find out about weight change with exercise alone?
1. Body mass kg/week = -0.09
| 2. Fat mass kg/week = NA
455
What did Wilmore find out about weight change with exercise alone?
1. Body mass kg/week = -0.06
| 2. Fat mass kg/week = -0.13
456
What did Ballor/Keesey find out about weight change with exercise alone?
1. Body mass kg/week = -0.06
| 2. Fat mass kg/week = -0.09
457
What happens to BMR over time?
1. Children have very high BMR
| 2. Decreases due to a loss of lean tissue
458
Who has a higher BMR?
Men
459
What is a typical change in body mass through exercise?
-2.0kg
460
What is a typical change in body mass through diet?
-9.0kg
461
What is a typical change in body mass as a combination of diet and exercise?
-11.0kg
462
What prescription is best for losing weight?
1. Exercise and diet
2. Diet
3. Exercise
463
If someone is running at 12km/h at 7.46miles/h and 8:02 mins/mile, what will happen as he keeps running?
He will continue to lose a greater net EE per the hour of his horizontal running as he continues to do more miles
464
If a 70kg man was running at 7.46miles/h, and was losing 112 kcal every mile, how much kcal would he lose in an hour?
7.46x112 = 835 total kcals
465
What is Hardee's 1420 Calorie Burger called?
Monster Thickburger
466
Describe the Monster Thickburger
2 and 1/3 pound slabs of angus beef, bacon, cheese, and mayo, on a buttered bun
467
How much does the Monster Thickburger cost?
$5.49 alone or $7.09 with fries + drink
468
How many calories are in a Big Mac?
540 kcals
469
What is the net expenditure of a 70kg man on a 3 mile walk?
1. Gross expenditure = 300 cals
2. RMR = -50 cals
3. Exercise he would have been in had he not walked = -50 cals
TOTAL = 200 cals
470
What is the single most important key point for PA?
Maintenance
471
What happens when you maintain PA?
You maintain a consistent and desirable body composition
472
If you golf 2 rounds per week burning 700 kcals each time by walking without a cart, and continue to do this for 5 weeks and then a year, how many calories and how much weight would you lose?
1. 5 weeks - 3500 calories which is 1lb
| 2. 1 year - 35 000 calories which is 10lbs
473
How many calories equates to 1 pound?
3500 cals
474
How could you lose 1 pound in a week?
By restricting 500 calories each day
475
If you combine losing weight with exercise, what modifications do you make to your diet?
1. Much less restriction
| 2. No restriction at all
476
What are 4 guidelines for managing weight?
1. Lifestyle behaviour changes in diet and PA
2. Psychological and behavioural considerations
3. Caloric intake
4. Caloric expenditure
477
Which consideration has the most effect on WL?
Long term behavioural changes
478
How can you modify your behaviour?
1. Self monitoring in diaries
2. Stimulus control by identifying circumstances that stimulate eating
3. Reward reinforcement by formal rewards
4. Nutrition education
5. PA
6. Cognitive restructuring where you counter negative thoughts and set reasonable goals
479
How do you lose weight?
Expending more calories than consuming
480
How can you expend more calories than you consume?
1. Consume fewer
2. Combine exercise and diet
3. Caloric intake < caloric expenditure
481
What will do the best job at increasing caloric expenditure?
Weight control mechanism habits paired with other healthy habits
482
What happens to BMR in WL?
It decreases
483
What happens to RMR in WL?
It increases or boost during exercise
484
What are 4 WL misconceptions?
1. Quick fixes
2. Fad diets
3. Cellulite
4. Spot reduction
485
What is spot reduction?
Local, contracting skeletal muscle believed to burn fat only in this area
486
Is spot reduction valid?
No - you burn fat in several other areas than just the target spot
487
What are 6 reasons why Freshmen gain 15 pounds in university?
1. On your own and free to eat whenever
2. Pile on portions of unhealthy foods
3. Adapting to stress and overeating
4. Using sodas and lattes to say awake
5. Meal skipping
6. More alcohol consumption
488
How can you gain weight?
Must eat about 400 to 500 more cals per day than being expended to gain at least 1lb per week
489
What should you do while trying to gain weight?
1. Exercise regularly
| 2. Include weight training to ensure that WG is lean weight
490
What has happened to ideal body weight perceptions since the 1950?
As weight increases, it becomes less ideal and there is a larger difference between actual and ideal BW
491
What is disordered eating?
Not being able to eat properly
492
What are 2 examples of disordered eating?
1. Bulimia
| 2. AN
493
What have some people proposed as a mechanism to stop eating and lose weight?
Water
494
Who is disordered eating more prominent in?
Women
495
What are the 3 components contributing to disordered eating?
1. Genetics
2. Environmental
3. Psychological
496
What study did Beavers et. Al do in 2017?
They studied the effect of exercise type during intentional weight loss on body composition in older adults with obesity
497
What was the objective of the Beavers et. Al study in 2017?
To maximize fat loss at 5 to 10% and minimize lean mass loss at 10 to 50%
498
Who were the subjects in the Beavers et. Al study of 2017?
60 to 79 year olds with a BMI of >28 but <42 and who were maintaining less than 60 minutes of moderate PA per week
499
What was the 1st effect found in Beavers et. Al study?
1. Superior ability of WL and RT vs. WL and AT when trying to conserve lean body mass
500
How much lean body mass was lost under all 3 conditions in effect #1 of Beavers et. Al study?
WL and RT = 10%
WL = 16%
WL and RT = 0.8kg
WL and AT = 1.6kg
501
What was the 2nd effect found in Beavers et. Al study?
2. WL and RT or AT resulted in greater overall reductions in total fat mass loss than WL alone
502
What was the 3rd effect found in Beavers et. Al study?
3. Fat mass loss is primarily responsible for WL associated improvements in mobility whereas lean mass lass is primarily responsible for WL associated with declines in strength
503
What was the conclusion of the Beavers et. Al study?
WL and RT yield the greatest weight loss and most favourable shift in body composition because you are conserving lean mass and getting rid of fat mass
