Schizophrenia AO3 Flashcards
What is the research evidence for Inter-rater Reliability?
Osorio et al - 180 individuals using DSM-5, inter-rater reliability of +0.97, test re0test reliability of +0.92, diagnosis consistently applied.
What is the research evidence for Type 1 and Type 2 evidence?
Rosenhan (1973) - 8 pseudo patients, auditory hallucinations, all diagnosed with Sz, 12 hospitals in 5 different states, diagnosis’ not reliable as psychologists can’t difference between insane and sane.
What is the research evidence for Co-Morbidity?
Buckley et al - 50% Sz and Depression, 47% Sz and Substance Abuse, 23% Sz and OCD, 29% Sz and PTSD
What is the research evidence for Symptom Overlap?
Ellason and Ross - Patient has Bipolar and Sz but Sz is masked by symptom of avolition as a symptom of depression, implications of treatment and suicide risk.
What is the research evidence for Gender Bias?
Cotton et al - female Sz function better than male Sz, communicate and have relationships, Sz is masked.
Loring and Powell - Patient described as male or gender not mentioned then 56% diagnosed Sz whereas described as female 20% diagnosed.
What is the research evidence for Cultural Bias?
Luhrman et al (2015) - 60 adults with Sz in India and US, African and Indian more likely to report positive experiences like hearing voices than US who are more likely to report the voices as violent and hateful.
Escobar (2012) - white psychiatrists tend to over interpret symptoms of black people during diagnosis.
What is the research evidence for Genetics?
Family Studies, Grossman - Children with 2 Sz parents had 46%, one parent 13%, sibling 9%
Twin Studies, Joseph - meta-analysis, 40.4% for MZ and 7.3% for DZ.
Adoption Studies, Tienari - 6.7% of adoptees with Sz mothers developed Sz, 2% of control group of adoptees with non-Sz mothers.
What is the research evidence for Dopamine Hypothesis?
Leucht et al - meta-analysis, 64% taken off drugs relapsed, dopamine returned to excess levels, stayed off drugs 27% relapsed.
What is the research evidence for Neural Correlates?
Allen et al (2007) - Scanning brain of individuals who experiences auditory hallucinations, high reliability -> research in highly controlled environment with high tech equipment like fMRI
What is the research evidence for Drug Therapy?
Thornley et al (2003) - reviewed studies comparing effects of Chlorpromazine, control group, 13 trails, 1121 participants better overall functioning and reduced symptoms.
Healy (2012) - trails exaggerated the evidence for positive effects, antipsychotics have calming effects, reduced severity of diagnosis.
What is the research for Family Disfunction?
Berger - Sz patients had higher recall of contradictory messages from their mothers than non-Sz patients.
What is the research evidence for cognitive explanation?
Sarin and Wallin - Sz experienced own thoughts as voices, supports dysfunction of meta-representation, Sz jumped to conclusions without reality testing experiences.
Stirling et al (2006) - Sz took twice as long to name font of colours in Stroop test, cognitive processes are impaired struggle to supress automatic thoughts.
What is the research evidence for CBT?
Tarrier et al - patients were randomly allocated, CBT + drugs, lower symptoms levels, supports interactionist approach.
What is the research evidence for Family Therapy?
Garety et al (2008) - Relapse rates who recieved family therapy are 25%, compared to 50%, who have not received family therapy. less hospitalisation, economic benefits
What is the research evidence for Token Economies?
McMonagle and Sultana (2009) - three studies, randomly allocated, one study showed improvement in symptoms, only manages.
