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A-Level Psychology (ALEX) > Schizophrenia (AO1) > Flashcards

Schizophrenia (AO1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common form of biological treatment for SZ? What are the two types?

A

Drug therapy. Typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics

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2
Q

What is a typical antipsychotic? Typical administration and dosage?

A

Chlorpromazine. Tablets, syrup or injection and up to 1000mg can be taken daily.

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3
Q

What makes the typical antipsychotic a dopamine antagonist?

A

They reduce the action of a neurotransmitter by blocking dopamine receptors within the synapses, therefore reducing the action of dopamine

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4
Q

What other useful quality has Chlorpromazine got?

A

Sedative

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5
Q

What symptoms does Chlorpromazine relieve?

A

Positive such as hallucination

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6
Q

Are antipsychotics taken short or long-term?

A

Both, depends on patient’s response to the medication

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7
Q

What is the aim of atypical antipsychotics?

A

To improve the effectiveness of symptom suppression whilst minimising side effects

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8
Q

Name one atypical antipsychotic and its dosage/administration?

A

Clozapine. Syrup or tablets, 300 - 450mg a day.

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9
Q

How do atypical antipsychotics work differently?

A

Bind to dopamine receptors, BUT also serotonin and glutamate receptors too. Therefore, it can also help improve one’s mood and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.

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10
Q

Define CBT

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy happens within groups or individuals between 5 - 20 sessions. Aims to help patients identify irrational thought patterns.

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11
Q

How does CBT help?

A

Can help patients make sense of (rationalise) their delusions and hallucinations but also how they impact behaviour and feelings.

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12
Q

What is an issue with Clozapine?

A

Can’t be injected as it can cause the blood poisoning condition agranulocytosis

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13
Q

What is an alternative to Clozapine? Why?

A

Risperidone as people were starting to die from agranulocytosis. Also a better binder and does so strongly

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14
Q

What does family therapy aim to do?

A

Improve communication between family members to reduce EE. This means the patient’s stress levels should lower and would reduce the chances of relapse

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15
Q

How does the DSM-5 classify a diagnosis of SZ?

A

One positive symptom MUST be present

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16
Q

How does the ICD-10 classify a diagnosis of SZ?

A

Two or more negative symptoms

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17
Q

What do positive symptoms count as?

A

Additional experiences beyond those of ordinary existence

18
Q

Define hallucinations. Example?

A

Sensory experiences that have no basis in reality or distorted of real things. E.g; Hearing voices

19
Q

What do negative symptoms count as?

A

Loss of usual abilities and experiences

20
Q

What is avolition?

A

Severe loss of motivation to carry put everyday tasks.

21
Q

What is speech poverty?

A

A reduction in quality and amount of speech. Also delays in verbal responses

22
Q

What are the main issues in diagnosis and why?

A

Reliability - Consistent diagnosis
Validity - Do the diagnosis measure what they are designed to?
Co-morbidity - Occurrence of two illnesses together which confuses diagnosis and treatment

23
Q

How do families tie into the biological explanations?

Research?

A

SZ has a genetic basis - strong relationship between genetic similarity of family members and likelihood of developing SZ.

Gottesman (1991) showed that MZ twins have a 48% of both developing SZ.

24
Q

How do candidate genes tie into the biological explanation? Example gene?

A

Individual genes are associated with developing SZ. Genes mainly included in the risk of this are to do with the functioning of neurotransmitters including dopamine. Example is COMPT.

25
Q

SZ is ____genic. What does it mean?

A

Polygenic: more than one candidate gene.

26
Q

Explain how hypodopaminergia in the cortex links to SZ?

A

Often involved in more recent dopamine hypotheses. Low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex have been identified as having a role in negative symptoms.

27
Q

Explain how hyperdopaminergia in the subcortex links to SZ?

A

The original dopamine hypothesis. Focuses on high levels of dopamine in the subcortex such as the Broca’s area as this area is often associated with speech poverty and auditory hallucinations.

28
Q

What are neural correlates?

A

Patterns of brain structure that occur in conjunction with symptoms and may explain the symptom’s origins.

29
Q

What are examples of neural correlates of negative symptoms?

A

Avolition may be causes by abnormalities in the ventral striatrum. Research found a negative correlation between activity in the area and severity of negative symptoms.

30
Q

What are examples of neural correlates of positive symptoms?

A

In research, lower activation levels within the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus were found within those who suffered from auditory hallucinations.

31
Q

What type of thought processes are associated with SZ? What does this mean?

A

Dysfunctional. Functioning does NOT occur normally which causes undesirable outcomes and may be able to explain SZ through a cognitive explanation.

32
Q

Explain metarepresentation

A

Our ability to reflect on our own behaviour/thoughts. Dysfunction here would occur one to not recognise their behaviour as their own. May explain why people often cite hallucinations such as thought insertion.

33
Q

Explain central control

A

Cognitive ability to suppress automatic responses to situations and instead perform deliberate actions. Dysfunction here may cause disorganised speech and thoughts and result in the inability to suppress speech triggered by thoughts.

34
Q

What is the double bind theory?

A

Emphasis on the role of familial communication style as a risk factor. Child receives mixed signals, feel trapped and fear finding themselves in the wrong within a situation. Therefore, warped understanding of the world as dangerous, unpredictable and confusing because the punishment for ‘wrong-doing’ is withdrawal of love

35
Q

What cognitive symptoms does double bind theory reflect?

A

This is reflective in symptoms of SZ which includes disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions. However, this feature in childhood is only a risk, not a guarantee

36
Q

What is the schizophrenogenic mother?

A

Based on the case studies of SZ patients and their childhoods and later on content analysis of such accounts. Mother is cold, rejecting, controlling and tends to create a familial environment characterised by tension and secrecy. This causes distrust which develops into paranoia/paranoid delusions and ultimately schizophrenia

37
Q

What is the interactionist approach?

A

Multidisciplinary and takes into account of various factors that can impact of SZ’ development.

38
Q

What is the basic definition of the diathesis-stress model?

A

Both a genetic vulnerability and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop SZ. Having more than one vulnerability makes development even more likelier

39
Q

What did the original stress model concur?

A

Meehl (1962):

  • Stated that first of all, to develop SZ, you have to have inherited the ‘schizogene’.
  • Yet even then, it will only develop if you suffer chronic stress during childhood/adolescence.
40
Q

What is the modern understanding of diathesis?

A
  • The illness is polygenic and not a single gene which causes its development.
  • Another form of diathesis is early psychological trauma which then becomes the D instead of the S.
41
Q

What is the modern understanding of stress?

A
  • No longer literally just means stress but triggers outside of stress. A more diverse concept
  • For example, though not wholly conclusive yet, research is suggesting that those who heavily smoke cannabis are 7x more likely to develop SZ if they have the vulnerability
42
Q

What are treatments for SZ as according to the interactionist approach?

A
  • As approach analyses and combines both psych/bio factors, it also does with treatment
  • Therefore, a patient would be both prescribed antipsychotics and have CBT sessions

A-Level Psychology (ALEX) (21 decks)

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