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PSYC1017 - Behavioural Neuroscience > Schizophrenia and affective disorders > Flashcards

Schizophrenia and affective disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Note some of the key points from the DSM-IV (2000) definition of scizophrenia.

A
  • Lasts for at least 6 months.
  • At least 1 month of active symptoms.
  • Must be two or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, grossly disorganised/catatonic behaviour or negative symptoms.
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2
Q

Identify and describe the three positive symptoms a schizophrenic could display.

A
  • Hallucinations: perceptual experiences that occur without sensory input. Usually voices but sometimes visual or olfactory (smell) too.
  • Delusions: Erroneous or irrational beliefs out of keeping with culture and background e.g. someone is plotting to kill you.
  • Thought disorder: Similar to delusions but with no coherence in ideas.
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3
Q

Identify and describe the four negative symptoms a schizophrenic could display.

A
  • Withdrawal: Lack of friendships, little interest in social interaction and poor social skills.
  • Affective flattening: Reduced range of emotional responsivity.
  • Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure from usually pleasurable activities, both through anticipation and participation.
  • Avolition: A lack of motivation to carry out regular day-to-day activities.
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4
Q

Define what “the incidence of a disease” means.

A

The number of new cases in a population over a defined period of time.

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5
Q

Define what “the prevalence of a disease” means.

A

The number of cases that are present in a population over a defined period of time.

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6
Q

Define the term “lifetime prevalence”.

A

The number of people that will experience a disease in a lifetime.

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7
Q

What figure did Saha et al. (2005) estimate in their meta-analytical epidemiology study in relation to lifetime prevalence?`

A

4 in 1000 / 0.4%

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8
Q

According to the World Health Organisation/WHO (2001), what percentage of people of all ages had years lived with disability due to schizophrenia?

A

2.8%

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9
Q

According to the World Health Organisation/WHO (2001), what percentage of people aged 15-44 had years lived with disability due to schizophrenia?

A

4.9%

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10
Q

Who worked out the principles of inheritance?

A

Gregor Mendel

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11
Q

What did the inheritance model for schizophrenia show?

A

75% of offspring of 2 schizophrenic parents will also have schizophrenia.

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12
Q

What did Heston (1970) find that contradicted the single-gene models findings?

A

That the chance of two schizophrenic parents having schizophrenic offspring was less than 75% thus suggesting there may be more genes involved.

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13
Q

What environmental factor has been found to have a link to schizophrenia risk and what does this suggest?

A

Season of birth. Suggests that exposure to influenza-in-utero may be contributory to schizophrenia risk.

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14
Q

Between what months would babies need to have been conceived during to be at risk of developing schizophrenia due to influenza exposure and why?

A

April-August of the previous year. Because influenza is more common in winter months and when it would occur would be during the critical developmental stages of pregnancy.

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15
Q

By what percentage did schizophrenia risk increase during the critical period in which flu infection may impact brain development?

A

14%

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16
Q

What else was found that would suggest that influenza is not the only seasonal risk factor for schizophrenia?

A

Evidence of an independent seasonal effect.

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17
Q

What did Takei et al. (1996) find about population levels and schizophrenia risk?

A

Higher population levels of influenza were correlated to higher schizophrenia risk.

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18
Q

What did Brown et al. (2004) find in blood samples of mothers whose children went on to develop schizophrenia?

A

Higher levels of influenza antibodies in comparison to mothers whose children did not.

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19
Q

What did Barnett et al. (2007) find in people who were admitted to hospital with psychotic symptoms?

A

That they used drugs more than the general population.

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20
Q

What drug was shown to have a strong impact on schizophrenic symptoms?

A

Cannabis.

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21
Q

What is dopamine?

A

A monoamine.

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22
Q

What are the names of the two pathways that have been implicated in schizophrenia?

A

Mesolimbic pathway and the mesocortical pathway.

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23
Q

Where did the first observations of dopamine’s role in schizophrenia come from?

A

Side effects of chlorpromazine.

24
Q

What did schizophrenic patients show a better response to when compared with controls?

A

Amphetamine, a dopamine antagonist.

25
Q

What did the dopamine response correlate with?

A

Change in subjectively experienced schizophrenia symptoms.

26
Q

Aside from dopamine hyperactivity explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, what is there also evidence for?

A

Reduced dopamine activity producing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

27
Q

Describe the MRI scan study on hypofrontality and explain the results and what they suggest.

A
  • Participants had to press a key when a target letter in a sequence appeared.
  • But a context cue had to have appeared first.
  • A different key had to be pressed for any other letter.
  • Showed that animals with lesions require dopamine inputs to experience normal function whilst dopamine agonists disrupted function.
  • Suggests that the dopamine hypothesis may not be correct since reduced dopamine seems to have more of a schizophrenic effect.
28
Q

What is thought to be the basis of positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Overactivity in the mesolimbic dopamine projection from the ventral tegementum to the nucleus accumbens.
  • Glutamatergic projection from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) which controls an inhibitory link: reduced activity can cause mesolimbic overactivity.
29
Q

What could the basis of positive symptoms reveal about drug therapy?

A

That dopamine antagonists like chlorpromazine are more effective at treating positive symptoms.

30
Q

What do antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine not help against and why?

A

Negative symptoms because they are caused by dopamine underactivity.

31
Q

What is affinity?

A

Receptor binding potential

32
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Receptor activating potential

33
Q

What type of drugs can help both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia? Name one.

A

Dopamine partial agonists. Aripiprazole.

34
Q

Note some of the key points from the DSM-IV (2000) definition of depression.

A
  • Five or more symptoms within a 2 week period.
  • One must be either depressed mood or loss of interest.
  • (Do not need to name all to get 5 on this flashcard as long as two required ones are listed) Possible symptoms include: depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure in all/most activities, significant weight change (loss/gain), insomnia/hypersomina, psychomotor agitatiton/retardation, fatigue/loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, inability to think/concentrate, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
35
Q

Note some of the key points from the DSM-IV (2000) definition of mania.

A
  • Abnormal/elevated, expansive or irritable mood.
  • For at least one week, unless hospitalisation is required.
  • Must have at least three symptoms from the following: Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity, decreased need to sleep, more talkative, ideas or thoughts that are racing, distractibility, increased goal direct activity through sex or socially, excessive pleasurable activity e.g. spending sprees, foolish investment, sexual indiscretion etc.
36
Q

Who studied a comparison between lifetime prevalence of the statistic for schizophrenia and the same for bipolar disorder and depression?

A

Weissman et al (1996)

37
Q

What do monozygotic (MZ) twins share?

A

Environment and genetics

38
Q

What do dizygotic (DZ) twins share?

A

Environment and half their genes

39
Q

What way does the concordance rate need to be in twin studies to suggest greater genetic similarity?

A

Greater in monozygotic twins

40
Q

What did the twin study results show about concordance of BPD and UPD in twins?

A

BPD and UPD is more concordant in MZ twins than DZ twins.

41
Q

What factors moderate the impact of stress? Give an example of both.

A

External such as social support and internal such as attributional style.

42
Q

What paradigm suggests that uncontrollable stress often leads to symptoms indicative of depression?

A

Learned helplessness.

43
Q

What enzyme breaks down excess transmitter and what does this then do?

A

Monoamine oxidase, limits the amount of transmitter available for re-uptake.

44
Q

What kind of drugs inhibit this breakdown and what does this mean?

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOAIs), means that more can be reuptaken.

45
Q

What kind of drugs reduce uptake of monoamine at the synapse?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants.

46
Q

What kind of drugs selectively reduce reuptake of serotonin?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

47
Q

Of the three drugs, which has the fewest side effects?

A

Tricyclics.

48
Q

What is just as effective as MAOIs?

A

SSRIs.

49
Q

Describe the study with rats and SSRIs.

A
  • Rats were administered with shocks.
  • Rats were then put in a box and by pressing a lever could escape being shocked.
  • Some rats were given nothing whereas others were given varying dose sizes of SSRIs.
  • Higher dosage SSRI rats had less failure when trying to escape the box.
50
Q

What is synthesised from tryptophan?

A

5HT

51
Q

What does tryptophan do normally?

A

Crosses the blood brain barrier so there is a wealthy supply of 5HT’s precursor in the chemical pathway.

52
Q

What do tryptophan depletion studies involve?

A

A diet low in tryptothan and then consumption of an amino-acid rich drink.

53
Q

What do low levels of circulating tryptophan and competion for transport in the brain result in?

A

Large acute reductions in availability in the brain.

54
Q

What happened in Delgado et al. (1990)’s tryptophan depletion study? What does this seemingly confirm?

A

Saw immediate relapse or recovery when regular diet was reinstated. 5HT has a special role in depression.

55
Q

What was found between childhood maltreatment and adult depression?

A

A positive correlation.

56
Q

What gene is involved in the reuptake of 5HT and what do short alleles result in?

A

5HTT, less effective reuptake and so higher synaptic 5HT.

57
Q

What is associated with increased risk of adult depression?

A

High 5HT during brain development.

PSYC1017 - Behavioural Neuroscience (2 decks)

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