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PSYC1017 - Behavioural Neuroscience > Eating and eating disorders > Flashcards

Eating and eating disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What energy store takes up 85% in the body?

A

Fat in adipose tissue

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2
Q

What energy store takes up 14.5% in the body?

A

Protein in muscle

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3
Q

What energy store takes up 0.5% in the body?

A

Glycogen in liver

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4
Q

What chemical converts glucose to glycogen?

A

Insulin

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5
Q

What chemical converts glycogen to glucose?

A

Glucagon

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6
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase?

A

Body is prepared to eat by the sight or expectation of food.

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7
Q

What happens in the absorptive phase?

A

Body’s immediate energy requirements are met.

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8
Q

What is high and what is low in the cephalic and absorptive phases?

A

Insulin is high, glucagon is low.

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9
Q

What do the cephalic and absorptive phases promote in the body?

A
  • The conversion of glucose to energy (respiration).
  • Excess glucose being converted into fat.
  • Fat storage.
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10
Q

What do the cephalic and absorptive phases inhibit in the body?

A
  • Conversion of fat to usable fuels.
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11
Q

What happens in the fasting phase?

A

Energy is withdrawn from the body’s stores.

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12
Q

What is high and what is low in the fasting phase?

A

Glucagon is high, insulin is low.

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13
Q

What does the fasting phase promote in the body?

A
  • Conversion of fat to usable fuels such as fatty acids.
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14
Q

What does the fasting phase inhibit in the body?

A
  • Storage of fat.

- Conversion of glucose to energy (except in the brain).

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15
Q

What system/process stops and starts a meal?

A

Homeostasis.

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16
Q

What did Mayer (1953) say about blood glucose levels?

A

Lower levels lead to hunger, higher levels lead to satiety.

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17
Q

By how much % did Campbell and Smith (1990) say blood glucose levels drop before regular meal time?

A

8%

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18
Q

What did Novin, VanderWeele and Rezek (1973) say stimulates glucoprivic hunger?

A

Receptors in the liver.

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19
Q

What is glucoprivation?

A

Deprivation of glucose.

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20
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein transport blood between?

A

Intestines and liver.

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21
Q

Which molecule causes glucoprivation and thus immediate eating?

A

2-DG

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22
Q

What nerve had to be cut to stop the stimulation of eating?

A

Vagus nerve.

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23
Q

Who said that blood glucose levels do not usually vary even under prolonged periods of fasting?

A

Le Mangen (1981)

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24
Q

What is the evidence for blood glucose levels not varying?

A
  • Hibernating animals with high insulin levels store food as fat.
  • Diabetics are still hungry even with high blood glucose levels.
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25
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

A peptide hormone that increases eating.

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26
Q

What happens to the level of ghrelin before a meal and what does this suggest? State who the suggestion came from as well.

A

Increases. Suggests that it is involved in preparing your body for eating. Cummings (2006).

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27
Q

`What did Schmid et al. (2005) found when they injected participants with an intravenous supply of ghrelin?

A

Increased appetite and production of vivid images of participants’ favourite foods.

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28
Q

What action suppresses ghrelin secretion?

A

Food being infused into the individual or animal’s stomach.

29
Q

What did Schaller et al. (2003) find out about what ghrelin responds to?

A

Ghrelin only responds to the contents of the digestive system so will continue to be secreted if nutrients enter the body.

30
Q

What other way can the body be prepared for a meal?

A

Learning

31
Q

Discuss Weingarten (1983)’s study.

A

Paired food with a buzzer and inter-meal times with a bell. Dogs tried to press a lever when buzzer sounded but not when bell rang.

32
Q

What did Birch (1989) find?

A

Similar to Weingarten, just in children.

33
Q

According to Wilson et al. (1990), what does force feeding do?

A

Increases weight and decreases voluntary eating.

34
Q

According to Campfield et al. (1995), what do obese mice not produce?

A

Leptin

35
Q

What did Kahler et al. (1998) do to mice which stopped them eating?

A

Injected leptin

36
Q

What parts of the body make you feel full?

A

Stomach and duodenum

37
Q

What did Cannon and Washburn (1912) eat to make themselves feel full?

A

Balloons

38
Q

What did Greenberg et al. (1990) find inhibits feeding?

A

Entry of food into intestine

39
Q

Describe the process of stopping a meal.

A
  • Signals are sent by the stomach and duodenum.
  • Food stimulates release of cholecystokinin.
  • CCK suppresses feeding, closing pyloric sphincter meaning the stomach fills faster.
  • Peptide YY gets released, proportionally to calories consumed.
  • PYY inhibits size of meals, if injected.
40
Q

What did Weingarten and Kulikovsky (1989) find in their study about previous experience stopping a meal?

A

Animals that had previously stopped when they were no longer getting enough nutrients from food were trained to eat more when they felt they were no longer receiving enough nutrients after eating for the same time.

41
Q

What did Rolls et al. (1981) find in their study about experience and stopping a meal?

A

If you have no experience, you are likely to overeat at first and eat any new food that becomes on offer.

42
Q

What did Polivy et al. (1979) find in their study about dieting and eating habits?

A

If a model told a group they were on a diet, the participants ate less and vice versa if the model told them they weren’t dieting.

43
Q

What did Berry et al. (1985) find in their study about lasagne?

A

Males ate more lasagna in groups.

44
Q

What is the arcuate nucleus and what is its function?

A

An aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Responds to ghrelin and signals of glucoprivation in the liver.

45
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus secrete and in response to what?

A

Neuropeptide Y, in response to ghrelin.

46
Q

What does neuropeptide Y cause if it is infused into varying parts of the hypothalamus?

A

Ravenous hunger

47
Q

What did Anand and Brobeck (1951) find about the lateral hypothalamus and what does it suggest?

A

Electrical stimulation increased eating, lesions on the brain caused a lack of eating suggesting neural activity is necessary for eating to occur.

48
Q

Explain the role of the hypothalamus in hunger.

A
  • Neurons in the arcuate nucleus are sensitive to ghrelin.
  • These neurons receive excitatory input from NPY neurons in the medulla and are sensitive to glucoprivation.
  • NYP stimulates orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) (both produced in the lateral hypothalamus).
  • Hunger is stimulated and metabolic rate is reduced preserving and increasing the body’s energy stores.
49
Q

How does leptin exert its satiating effects?

A

Binds with leptin receptors on neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

50
Q

Explain the role of the hypothalamus in satiety.

A
  • PYY and leptin inhibit release of NPY in arcuate nucleus.
  • The arcuate nucleus releases further peptides known as anorexigens aka appetite suppressing chemicals.
  • Leptin activates the neurons for the peptides that the arcuate nucleus releases which then inhibit MCH and orexin which suppresses appetite.
51
Q

What percentage of men and women in the USA are obese?

A

Men = 67%, women = 62%

52
Q

What has happened to obesity in adolescents in the last twenty years?

A

Tripled

53
Q

What factor did Zorella et al. (2006) find obesity had increased by in urban Chinese children over a period of 10 years?

A

8

54
Q

What are the five health issues that can result from obesity?

A
  • Cardiovascular disease.
  • Diabetes.
  • Stroke.
  • Arthritis.
  • Some forms of cancer.

Pnemonic to remember it:
Cassie Doesn’t Stroke A Snake/Cat

55
Q

What did Jordan and Spiegel (1977) say about sweet things?

A

We should eat more as it is a good source of glucose but in moderation as weight gain is an associated problem.

56
Q

What did Wurtman and Wurtman (1979) find in rats?

A

There was an innate desire to like sugar.

57
Q

What did James and Trayhurn (1981) suggest as a way to get through famines?

A

Metabolic efficiency by building up stores of fat.

58
Q

What did Gibbs (1996) note as a contributory factor towards obesity?

A

Wealth

59
Q

What did Gossler et al. (1995) notice about blue tits?

A

They became more obese when they lost their predator due to DDT chemicals.

60
Q

Name two reasons why the obesity crisis has worsened in the modern world.

A
  • Eating foods that are high in fructose corn syrup - fructose does not stimulate insulin or leptin production.
  • People who are obese tend to be a lot less active than those who are lean and, on average, according to Levine, Eberhardt and Jensen (1999), sit around 2.5 hours more than slim people.
61
Q

What did Rowland and Antleman (1976) see displayed in rats?

A

Increased anxiety from tail pinching made them eat more.

62
Q

What did Slochower, Kaplan and Mann (1981) found increased eating in students?

A

Stressful periods such as exam season.

63
Q

What type of addicts usually struggle with weight issues after achieving sobriety?

A

Drug addicts.

64
Q

What did Bouchard et al. (1990) find in twins?

A

They put on weight in the same places.

65
Q

According to Stunkard et al. (1986) is body weight of adopted children closer to their biological or adoptive parents?

A

Biological.

66
Q

What did Sims and Horton (1968) do to prisoners and what resulted?

A

Increased their calorie intake by 8,000 kcal. They only modestly gained weight.

67
Q

What protein plays an important role in metabolic efficiency?

A

Uncoupling protein (UCP).

68
Q

What general trend does UCP show?

A

Increasing levels of it increases metabolism efficiency and so less glucose is left over to turn to fat.

PSYC1017 - Behavioural Neuroscience (2 decks)

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