Schizophrenia Flashcards
Birchwood and Iqbal (1998)
10-15% of people diagnosed commit suicide. Depression is often comorbid with schizophrenia.
Johnstone (1991)
Two thirds of patients make a significant recovery.
Cooper et al. (1972)
US and GB psychiatrists shown same videos.
US diagnosed schizophrenia twice as often, GB diagnosed depression twice as often.
Criteria of diagnosis and cultural differences.
Rosenhan (1973)
Eight pseudo-patients diagnosed with severe conditions.
7 to 52 days to be released after revealing the truth.
Mitchel et al. (2009)
GPs bad 80% reliability in identifying healthy people and 50% reliability in diagnosis of depression.
Data from 41 clinical trials with 50,000 patients.
Szasz (1979)
Questioned whole concept of mental illness.
Diagnosis is a form of politically sanctioned control.
Scheff (1966)
Diagnosed people will conform to the label and it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Inadequate explanation for schizophrenia, but labels do cause stigmatisation.
Boyle (1990) & Bentall (1988)
The concept of schizophrenia is neither reliable nor valid, so the diagnosis of it is not clinically or scientifically useful.
Jackson and Birchwood (1966)
Early diagnosis and quick treatment is associated with better prognosis.
Gottesman (1991)
Concordance rates: MZ twins - 48% Children of two affected parents - 46% DZ twins - 17% Grandchildren - 5% General population - 1%
Cardno et al. (2002)
Concordance rates:
MZ twins - 26.5%
DZ twins - 10%
Based on Maudsley Twin Register which used strict criteria.
McGuffin et al. (1984)
Twin studies often use different diagnostic criteria, comparisons can’t be made.
Different criteria produce different concordance rates.
Marshall (1990)
The better controlled the twin study, the lower the concordance rate.
Kety (1994)
High rates of schizophrenia found in individuals whose biological parents had the disorder but had been adopted by healthy parents.
Tienari (1991)
155 adopted children whose biological mothers had schizophrenia.
10% developed the disorder compared to 1% of adopted children with healthy biological parents.
Farde et al. (1992)
PET scans showed that clozapine occupied dopamine receptors to the same extent as other neuroleptic drugs.
Seeman (1987)
Found increases in dopamine receptor density between 60-110% compared to controls in the brains of people with schizophrenia during post-mortem examinations.
Wong et al. (1986)
Using PET scans, found a two-fold increase in the density of dopamine receptor sites in schizophrenics who had never been treated with drugs compared to a group who had.
Farde et al. (1990)
Later PET scans did not replicate Wong’s results.
Buchsbaum (1990)
Revealed reduced cerebral blood flow in schizophrenics, using PET scans.
Fits symptoms such as altered gait and posture and abnormal eye movements, which arise from frontal lobe dysfunction.
Szesko et al. (1995)
Asymmetry found in normal brains in the prefrontal cortex is absent in people with schizophrenia.
Andreasen et al. (1990)
Found significant enlargement of the ventricles in schizophrenics using CT scans.
Particularly in the left hemisphere.
Only the case for men.
Jernigan et al. (1991)
Abnormalities found in the limbic system (regulation of emotion) and in the corpus callosum of schizophrenics.
Crow (1985)
Type 1 - genetically inherited disorder associated with dopamine dysfunction, characterised by positive symptoms, acute onset, responds well to antipsychotic drugs and has good inter-episodic functioning.
Type 2 - neurodevelopmental disorder arising from prenatal or perinatal insults, characterised by negative symptoms, poor premorbid functioning, chronic course, neuropsychological deficits and responds poorly to antipsychotic drugs.
