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Biological Rhythms Flashcards

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0
Q

Zucker & Dark (83)

A

Damage so SCN disrupted circadian rhythms in squirrels.

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1
Q

Stephan & Zucker (72)

A

Damaging SCN in rats disrupts some circadian rhythms. Only 11/25 survived operation, so severity could have caused disruption.

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2
Q

Rusak and Zucker (75)

A

Circannual rhythm of testosterone in male hamsters was eliminated by SCN damage.

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3
Q

Abraham et al. (2000)

A

Melatonin injections in sparrows produce sleep.

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4
Q

Binkley (79)

A

Chickens wake up as melatonin falls.

Light = decreased melatonin.

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5
Q

Siffre (75)

A

6 months in a cave. Sleep pattern extended to 25-30 hours.

Internal mechanism, but needs zeitgebers to reset it.

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6
Q

Aschoff & Weber (65)

A

Students in a bunker. Sleep-wake cycle extended to 25-27 hours.

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7
Q

Russell et al. (80)

A

Sweat from one woman rubbed onto lips of another - menstrual cycles would synchronise.
Pheromones acted as external zeitgeber that disrupted infradian rhythm.

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8
Q

Coren (96)

A

Sleep time of 7.5 hours is 1.5 less than 100 years ago.

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9
Q

Coren (96)

A

1/5 on shift work in America.

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10
Q

Czeisler et al. (82)

A

Forwards shift rotation at Utah chemical plant. 9 months - less stress, fewer sleep and health problems, increased productivity.

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11
Q

Gordon et al. (86)

A

Forwards shift rotation in Philadelphia police. 30% less sleeping on job and 40% fewer accidents.

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12
Q

Phillips et al. (91)

A

Permanent non-rotating shift work in a Kentucky police force.
Similar results to Czeisler.
However, night shift was not popular.

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13
Q

Sack et al. (07)

A

Planned napping during shifts shown to reduce tiredness and increase performance.
Not popular with employers or employees.

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14
Q

Coren (96)

A

Rapid rotation every 2-3 days means sleep-wake cycle is not adjusted.
However, time rhythms become out of sync. Controversy over its success.

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15
Q

Coren (96)

A

Jet lag worse W-E (phase advance) than E-W (phase delay).

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16
Q

Recht et al. (95)

A

Baseball teams over 3 years. E-W won 44%, W-E won 37%.

Long enough period to cancel out other variables.

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17
Q

Sack et al. (07)

A

Jet lag decreases with age.

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18
Q

Coren (96)

A

Techniques to reduce jet lag.

Sleep before, don’t drink, adjust to zeitgebers immediately etc.

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19
Q

Beaumont et al. (04)

A

Melatonin 3 days before flight and 5 days afterwards greatly reduces jet lag.

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20
Q

Sack et al. (07)

A

Disruption of biological rhythms and sleep deprivation can reduce immune system efficiency.

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21
Q

Berger (29)

A

Synchronised and desynchronised EEG

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22
Q

Aserinsky and Kleitman (53) & Dement and Kleitman (57)

A

Used EEG to identify stages of sleep.
N1-N2-N3-REM-N2-N3-REM
REM associated with dreaming (80%) woken during REM.

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22
Q

Jouvet (69)

A

Ascending reticular formation (RF), locus coeruleus (in RF, secret noradrenaline) and raphe nuclei (in RF, secrete serotonin)

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23
Q

Meddis (1975)

A

Sleeping keeps vulnerable animals safe when normal activities are impossible (Predator-prey status theory)

25
Q

Allison & Cicchetti (1976)

A

Prey sleeps significantly less than predators, suggesting that sleep is an unsafe thing to do. 39 species.

26
Q

Lesku (2006)

A

Prey are often herbivores. Herbivores sleep for less time than predators, so this might explain the predator-prey relationship.

27
Q

Webb (1982)

A

Sleep is used to conserve energy and resources as with hibernation (THEORY)

28
Q

Zeppelin and rechstaffen (1974) and others

A

BMR is positively correlated with sleep time. Small animals sleep for longer (lowers metabolic rate). Smaller animals are prey (predator-prey)

29
Q

Lesku (2006)

A

Negative correlation of BMR with nREM and total sleep time. Contradicts Zeppelin et al.
May have calculated BMR differently.
Other authors support positive correlation.

30
Q

Savage & West (2007)

A

Brains BMR is a key variable. Sleep time in 96 species is positively correlated with BMR but more positively correlated with brain BMR.

31
Q

Friedman & Fisher (67)

A

NREM-REM cycle takes 90 minutes.

32
Q

Oswald (69)

A

REM restoration for brain (brain traumas +REM) and NREM restoration for body (growth hormone in NREM caused skin cell growth)

33
Q

Shapiro et al. (81)

A

Runners spent more time in NREM after marathon.

34
Q

Dement (76)

A

Randy Gardner - stayed awake for 264 hours, became paranoid. Slept for 15 hours and recovered a quarter of sleep. 50% of REM and 2/3 of the deep NREM he had lost.

35
Q

Horne & and Pettitt (85)

A

Incentives reduces effects of SD in short-term but eventually affected cognitive performance. All completely recovered after 8 hours sleep - not necessary to recover all sleep.

36
Q

Horne

A

REM and deep NREM key for brain function - core sleep.
Surge of growth hormone when entering NREM but not enough nutrients and amino acids for body recovery. Happens in period of wakeful resting during the day.

37
Q

Morgane and Stern (74)

A

REM is linked to synthesis of neurotransmitters used up in the day.
Lack of REM leads to REM rebound. People on anti-depressants (serotonin and noradrenaline) show reduction in REM and no rebound after coming off them. Less need for REM sleep.

38
Q

Karni et al. (94)

A

Improvement on visual discrimination task depended on REM but not NREM

38
Q

Walker et al. (02)

A

Motor learning improved if sleep followed training but not if it was followed by wakefulness.
Correlation between consolidation and amount of stage 2 NREM.

38
Q

Walker & Stickgold (04)

A

Evidence for complex forms of memory being dependent on sleep is inconsistent.

38
Q

Ohayon et al. (04)

A

Total sleep time; 470 minutes at 5 years -> 370 at 70 years
N1; 5.8% at 5 years -> 6.8% at 70
N2; 47% -> 55%
N3; 24% -> 9%
REM; 25% -> 19%. Confirmed by Floyd et al. (07) who found REM decreased 0.6% per decade.
Males higher sleep time, deep NREM & REM %
Females higher % of N2
Sleep disorders increase and efficiency decreases with age.

38
Q

Morin et al. (99)

A

Insomnia is chronic for 10%

39
Q

ICSD (05)

A

Some evidence that idiopathic insomnia runs in families.

42
Q

Morin (1999)

A

40% of insomniacs have an associated psychological disorder.

42
Q

Gregory (2006)

A

Over arousal/familial conflict/15% of 18 year olds presenting with insomnia. Sample size of 1000.
Gender, SES and health were controlled for.

43
Q

Morin et al. (99)

A 
SCT procedures:
Only sleep when tired
Only use bedroom for sleep and sex
Getting up same time everyday 
No daytime naps.
44
Q

Meddis (77)

A

Shortest sleep validated in lab is one hour a night.

45
Q

Kerkhof (1996)

A

Circadian rhythm is 2 hours ahead in morning types than evening types .

46
Q

Empon (93)

A

Average is 7.5 hours
16% more than 8.5
16% less than 6.5

47
Q

Van Dongen et al. (05)

A

Sleeping more and less than average is associated with a slight increase in mortality.
No psychological or personality differences between long and short sleepers.

49
Q

Vahtera et al. (07)

A

Vulnerability to sleep disorders following traumatic life events is strongly correlated with anxiety.

50
Q

Heath (1998)

A

Neuroticism is linked to high levels of sleep disturbance. Also linked to anxiety.

51
Q

Van Dongen et al. (05)

A

Duration and NREM-REM patterning show slight heritability but lots of scope for environmental factors.

52
Q

Morin et al. (99)

A

More women suffer from insomnia (60%)

53
Q

Lin (1999)

A

Gene deficit on chromosome 12 in dogs - responsible for regulating orexin receptors.

54
Q

Grunstein et al. (07)

A

OSA - surgery can widen upper airways but weight loss is also key.

55
Q

Thannickal et al (2000)

A

Reduced hypothalamic orexin producing cells in people with narcolepsy. Support genetic component of narcolepsy (reductionist)

56
Q

Black et al. (04)

A

Narcolepsy affects 1 in 2000

57
Q

Sakurai (2007)

A

Reduced orexin in narcoleptics

59
Q

Wickers (2005)

A

Injecting orexin into LC and RM increases REM.

Psychology (4 decks)

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