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Biological Rhythms Flashcards

0
Q

Zucker & Dark (83)

A

Damage so SCN disrupted circadian rhythms in squirrels.

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1
Q

Stephan & Zucker (72)

A

Damaging SCN in rats disrupts some circadian rhythms. Only 11/25 survived operation, so severity could have caused disruption.

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2
Q

Rusak and Zucker (75)

A

Circannual rhythm of testosterone in male hamsters was eliminated by SCN damage.

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3
Q

Abraham et al. (2000)

A

Melatonin injections in sparrows produce sleep.

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4
Q

Binkley (79)

A

Chickens wake up as melatonin falls.

Light = decreased melatonin.

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5
Q

Siffre (75)

A

6 months in a cave. Sleep pattern extended to 25-30 hours.

Internal mechanism, but needs zeitgebers to reset it.

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6
Q

Aschoff & Weber (65)

A

Students in a bunker. Sleep-wake cycle extended to 25-27 hours.

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7
Q

Russell et al. (80)

A

Sweat from one woman rubbed onto lips of another - menstrual cycles would synchronise.
Pheromones acted as external zeitgeber that disrupted infradian rhythm.

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8
Q

Coren (96)

A

Sleep time of 7.5 hours is 1.5 less than 100 years ago.

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9
Q

Coren (96)

A

1/5 on shift work in America.

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10
Q

Czeisler et al. (82)

A

Forwards shift rotation at Utah chemical plant. 9 months - less stress, fewer sleep and health problems, increased productivity.

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11
Q

Gordon et al. (86)

A

Forwards shift rotation in Philadelphia police. 30% less sleeping on job and 40% fewer accidents.

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12
Q

Phillips et al. (91)

A

Permanent non-rotating shift work in a Kentucky police force.
Similar results to Czeisler.
However, night shift was not popular.

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13
Q

Sack et al. (07)

A

Planned napping during shifts shown to reduce tiredness and increase performance.
Not popular with employers or employees.

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14
Q

Coren (96)

A

Rapid rotation every 2-3 days means sleep-wake cycle is not adjusted.
However, time rhythms become out of sync. Controversy over its success.

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15
Q

Coren (96)

A

Jet lag worse W-E (phase advance) than E-W (phase delay).

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16
Q

Recht et al. (95)

A

Baseball teams over 3 years. E-W won 44%, W-E won 37%.

Long enough period to cancel out other variables.

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17
Q

Sack et al. (07)

A

Jet lag decreases with age.

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18
Q

Coren (96)

A

Techniques to reduce jet lag.

Sleep before, don’t drink, adjust to zeitgebers immediately etc.

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19
Q

Beaumont et al. (04)

A

Melatonin 3 days before flight and 5 days afterwards greatly reduces jet lag.

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20
Q

Sack et al. (07)

A

Disruption of biological rhythms and sleep deprivation can reduce immune system efficiency.

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21
Q

Berger (29)

A

Synchronised and desynchronised EEG

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22
Q

Aserinsky and Kleitman (53) & Dement and Kleitman (57)

A

Used EEG to identify stages of sleep.
N1-N2-N3-REM-N2-N3-REM
REM associated with dreaming (80%) woken during REM.

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22
Q

Jouvet (69)

A

Ascending reticular formation (RF), locus coeruleus (in RF, secret noradrenaline) and raphe nuclei (in RF, secrete serotonin)

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23
Meddis (1975)
Sleeping keeps vulnerable animals safe when normal activities are impossible (Predator-prey status theory)
25
Allison & Cicchetti (1976)
Prey sleeps significantly less than predators, suggesting that sleep is an unsafe thing to do. 39 species.
26
Lesku (2006)
Prey are often herbivores. Herbivores sleep for less time than predators, so this might explain the predator-prey relationship.
27
Webb (1982)
Sleep is used to conserve energy and resources as with hibernation (THEORY)
28
Zeppelin and rechstaffen (1974) and others
BMR is positively correlated with sleep time. Small animals sleep for longer (lowers metabolic rate). Smaller animals are prey (predator-prey)
29
Lesku (2006)
Negative correlation of BMR with nREM and total sleep time. Contradicts Zeppelin et al. May have calculated BMR differently. Other authors support positive correlation.
30
Savage & West (2007)
Brains BMR is a key variable. Sleep time in 96 species is positively correlated with BMR but more positively correlated with brain BMR.
31
Friedman & Fisher (67)
NREM-REM cycle takes 90 minutes.
32
Oswald (69)
REM restoration for brain (brain traumas +REM) and NREM restoration for body (growth hormone in NREM caused skin cell growth)
33
Shapiro et al. (81)
Runners spent more time in NREM after marathon.
34
Dement (76)
Randy Gardner - stayed awake for 264 hours, became paranoid. Slept for 15 hours and recovered a quarter of sleep. 50% of REM and 2/3 of the deep NREM he had lost.
35
Horne & and Pettitt (85)
Incentives reduces effects of SD in short-term but eventually affected cognitive performance. All completely recovered after 8 hours sleep - not necessary to recover all sleep.
36
Horne
REM and deep NREM key for brain function - core sleep. Surge of growth hormone when entering NREM but not enough nutrients and amino acids for body recovery. Happens in period of wakeful resting during the day.
37
Morgane and Stern (74)
REM is linked to synthesis of neurotransmitters used up in the day. Lack of REM leads to REM rebound. People on anti-depressants (serotonin and noradrenaline) show reduction in REM and no rebound after coming off them. Less need for REM sleep.
38
Karni et al. (94)
Improvement on visual discrimination task depended on REM but not NREM
38
Walker et al. (02)
Motor learning improved if sleep followed training but not if it was followed by wakefulness. Correlation between consolidation and amount of stage 2 NREM.
38
Walker & Stickgold (04)
Evidence for complex forms of memory being dependent on sleep is inconsistent.
38
Ohayon et al. (04)
Total sleep time; 470 minutes at 5 years -> 370 at 70 years N1; 5.8% at 5 years -> 6.8% at 70 N2; 47% -> 55% N3; 24% -> 9% REM; 25% -> 19%. Confirmed by Floyd et al. (07) who found REM decreased 0.6% per decade. Males higher sleep time, deep NREM & REM % Females higher % of N2 Sleep disorders increase and efficiency decreases with age.
38
Morin et al. (99)
Insomnia is chronic for 10%
39
ICSD (05)
Some evidence that idiopathic insomnia runs in families.
42
Morin (1999)
40% of insomniacs have an associated psychological disorder.
42
Gregory (2006)
Over arousal/familial conflict/15% of 18 year olds presenting with insomnia. Sample size of 1000. Gender, SES and health were controlled for.
43
Morin et al. (99)
``` SCT procedures: Only sleep when tired Only use bedroom for sleep and sex Getting up same time everyday No daytime naps. ```
44
Meddis (77)
Shortest sleep validated in lab is one hour a night.
45
Kerkhof (1996)
Circadian rhythm is 2 hours ahead in morning types than evening types .
46
Empon (93)
Average is 7.5 hours 16% more than 8.5 16% less than 6.5
47
Van Dongen et al. (05)
Sleeping more and less than average is associated with a slight increase in mortality. No psychological or personality differences between long and short sleepers.
49
Vahtera et al. (07)
Vulnerability to sleep disorders following traumatic life events is strongly correlated with anxiety.
50
Heath (1998)
Neuroticism is linked to high levels of sleep disturbance. Also linked to anxiety.
51
Van Dongen et al. (05)
Duration and NREM-REM patterning show slight heritability but lots of scope for environmental factors.
52
Morin et al. (99)
More women suffer from insomnia (60%)
53
Lin (1999)
Gene deficit on chromosome 12 in dogs - responsible for regulating orexin receptors.
54
Grunstein et al. (07)
OSA - surgery can widen upper airways but weight loss is also key.
55
Thannickal et al (2000)
Reduced hypothalamic orexin producing cells in people with narcolepsy. Support genetic component of narcolepsy (reductionist)
56
Black et al. (04)
Narcolepsy affects 1 in 2000
57
Sakurai (2007)
Reduced orexin in narcoleptics
59
Wickers (2005)
Injecting orexin into LC and RM increases REM.

Psychology (4 decks)

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