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schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

A severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, disrupting cognition and emotion, which affects behavior.

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2
Q

What percentage of the population is affected by schizophrenia?

A

About 1% of the population.

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3
Q

Is schizophrenia more common in men or women?

A

More common in men than women.

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4
Q

In which environment is schizophrenia more prevalent?

A

More common in those who live in the city than in the countryside.

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5
Q

Which socioeconomic class is more affected by schizophrenia?

A

More common in working class than middle class people.

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6
Q

What is the definition of classification in psychology?

A

The process of organizing symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers.

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7
Q

What is a symptom?

A

A characteristic sign of a condition or illness.

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8
Q

What is diagnosis?

A

The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms.

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9
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Symptoms that ADD to ‘normal’ behavior, where sufferers experience something more than those who do not suffer.

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10
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Symptoms that reflect a decrease or loss of normal functions, such as speech poverty and avolition.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Schizophrenia affects _______ of the population.

A

1%.

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12
Q

True or False: Schizophrenia is equally prevalent among genders.

A

False.

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13
Q

What are examples of positive symptoms?

A

hallucinations, delusions

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14
Q

What are examples of negative symptoms?

A

Speech poverty, Avolition

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15
Q

What is schizophrenia characterized by?

A

Schizophrenia is characterized by multiple symptoms that can appear random and unrelated.

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16
Q

What are the two classification systems for schizophrenia?

A

The two classification systems are the International Classification of Disease Edition and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Edition 5.

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17
Q

What is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the DSM?

A

One positive symptom must be present for diagnosis, such as hallucinations, delusions, or speech disorganization.

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18
Q

What is sufficient for a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the ICD?

A

Two or more negative symptoms are sufficient for diagnosis.

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19
Q

What subtypes of schizophrenia does the DSM recognize?

A

The DSM recognizes subtypes such as paranoid, hebephrenic, and catatonic.

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20
Q

What does reliability in diagnosis refer to?

A

Reliability concerns the consistency of diagnoses across different clinicians and occasions.

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21
Q

What did Cheniaux et al. (2009) find regarding inter-rater reliability?

A

Cheniaux et al. found poor inter-rater reliability; different psychiatrists diagnosed different numbers of patients with schizophrenia.

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22
Q

What is co-morbidity?

A

The occurrence of two or more medical conditions together.

For example, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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23
Q

What does high co-morbidity suggest about diagnosis and classification?

A

It questions the validity of their diagnosis and classification, suggesting they might actually be one single condition.

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24
Q

What did Buckley et al. (2009) find regarding schizophrenia patients?

A

50% also had depression, 47% also had substance abuse, and 23% had another unspecified condition.

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25
Q

What implication does a 50% co-morbidity rate with depression have for clinicians?

A

Clinicians may be quite bad at telling the difference between schizophrenia and depression.

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26
Q

What is symptom overlap?

A

It occurs when two or more conditions share symptoms.

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27
Q

Which symptoms are shared between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?

A

Both conditions involve delusions and avolition.

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28
Q

What does symptom overlap question regarding classification?

A

It questions the validity of classifying the two disorders separately.

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29
Q

How might schizophrenia and bipolar disorder be viewed in light of symptom overlap?

A

They may be considered as one condition.

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30
Q

What does the classification of schizophrenia suggest about gender bias?

A

Males are more genetically vulnerable, leading to more diagnoses in men than women since the 1980s.

Ophoff et al. (2011)

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31
Q

How do female patients with schizophrenia typically function compared to male patients?

A

Female patients tend to function better than men, being more likely to work and have better interpersonal skills.

This high functioning may prevent a schizophrenia diagnosis.

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32
Q

What is culture bias in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?

A

Culture bias suggests that patients from different ethnic backgrounds can display the same symptoms but receive different diagnoses, affecting the reliability and validity of the diagnosis.

This is evident in the over-diagnosis of Afro-Caribbean individuals in Britain.

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33
Q

What factors contribute to the over-diagnosis of schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean individuals in Britain?

A

Hearing voices is more acceptable in African culture, leading to different interpretations of symptoms by clinicians from different backgrounds.

Escobar (2012) found that white psychiatrists tend to over-interpret symptoms and distrust the honesty of black patients.

34
Q

What are biological explanations of schizophrenia?

A

Biological explanations for schizophrenia include genetics and neural correlates, particularly the dopamine hypothesis.

35
Q

What is the genetic explanation of schizophrenia?

A

The genetic explanation of schizophrenia suggests that several individual genes are involved in the risk of inheriting the disorder.

36
Q

What do twin, family, and adoption studies assess in relation to schizophrenia?

A

These studies assess concordance rates for schizophrenia.

37
Q

What are concordance rates?

A

Concordance rates indicate the extent to which greater genetic similarity between family members is associated with the likelihood of both developing schizophrenia.

38
Q

What is meant by candidate genes in schizophrenia?

A

Candidate genes refer to multiple genes that may contribute to the risk of developing schizophrenia, indicating that it is polygenic.

39
Q

What does a neural correlates explanation of schizophrenia involve?

A

It involves explaining behavior and disorders in terms of dysfunction of the brain and nervous system.

40
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible for many of our feelings and behaviors.

41
Q

What did the original dopamine hypothesis state about schizophrenia?

A

It stated that patients with schizophrenia have an oversensitivity to the actions of dopamine.

42
Q

What is hypodopaminergia?

A

Hypodopaminergia refers to having too little dopamine.

43
Q

What did Goldman-Rakic et al. (2004) identify about dopamine levels in schizophrenia?

A

They identified low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for decision making.

44
Q

What negative symptoms of schizophrenia may result from low dopamine levels?

A

Negative symptoms such as avolition may result from low dopamine levels.

45
Q

What is the role of the ventral striatum in schizophrenia?

A

The ventral striatum is linked to motivation and the allocation of reward.

46
Q

What did Juckel et al. (2006) find regarding the ventral striatum?

A

They found a negative correlation between activity levels in the ventral striatum and the severity of overall negative symptoms.

47
Q

What areas of the brain are correlated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

The superior temporal gyrus (STG) and anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) are correlated with positive symptoms.

48
Q

What did Allen et al. (2007) discover about individuals experiencing auditory hallucinations?

A

They found lower activation levels in the STG and ACG compared to controls.

49
Q

What is the function of the superior temporal gyrus (STG)?

A

The STG deals with speech processing.

50
Q

What is the function of the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG)?

A

The ACG deals with error detection.

51
Q

What is drug therapy for schizophrenia?

A

Drug therapy involves the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics to reduce the intensity of symptoms, particularly positive symptoms, of psychotic conditions like schizophrenia.

52
Q

Do antipsychotic drugs cure schizophrenia?

A

No, antipsychotic drugs do not cure schizophrenia; they only reduce the symptoms.

53
Q

How long does it take for antipsychotic drugs to start working?

A

It takes approximately 10 days for antipsychotic drugs to start working and reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia.

54
Q

How are antipsychotic drugs administered?

A

Antipsychotic drugs are usually given orally as tablets or syrup, but can also be given as a depot injection for those who fail to take medication regularly.

55
Q

What are typical antipsychotics?

A

Typical antipsychotics are the first generation of antipsychotic drugs used since the 1950s, primarily as dopamine antagonists to combat positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

56
Q

What is the mechanism of action for typical antipsychotics?

A

They work by binding to dopamine receptors and blocking their action, reducing the amount of dopamine to alleviate symptoms.

57
Q

What are atypical antipsychotics?

A

Atypical antipsychotics are newer drugs developed after typical antipsychotics, targeting a range of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin.

58
Q

What symptoms do atypical antipsychotics combat?

A

Atypical antipsychotics combat both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

59
Q

How do atypical antipsychotics differ in their action on dopamine receptors?

A

Atypical antipsychotics temporarily bind to dopamine receptors and then rapidly dissociate, allowing normal dopamine transmission.

60
Q

What is a potential benefit of atypical antipsychotics compared to typical ones?

A

Atypical antipsychotics are associated with lower levels of side effects, such as tardive dyskinesia, than typical antipsychotics.

61
Q

What hypothesis led to the development of dopamine antagonists?

A

The effectiveness of dopamine antagonists in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia led to the development of the dopamine hypothesis.

62
Q

What are the two types of drug therapy for schizophrenia?

A

Typical and atypical antipsychotics.

63
Q

What is a criticism of drug therapy for schizophrenia?

A

Some argue that drug therapy does not improve the everyday life of sufferers and may even worsen their condition.

64
Q

Why are drug therapies considered practical for schizophrenia treatment?

A

They are cost-effective and cheaper to produce compared to CBT, and they may help patients reach a state of mind suitable for psychological treatments.

65
Q

What ethical concerns are associated with drug therapy for schizophrenia?

A

Drugs do not cure schizophrenia; they only help manage the symptoms.

66
Q

What are the psychological explanations for schizophrenia?

A

Psychological explanations for schizophrenia include family dysfunction and cognitive explanations, such as dysfunctional thought processing.

67
Q

What does family dysfunction suggest about schizophrenia?

A

Family dysfunction suggests that unhealthy relationships and communication patterns, cold parenting, and high levels of expressed emotion cause stress, influencing or causing schizophrenia.

68
Q

What are the three dysfunctional characteristics associated with parents of schizophrenics?

A

The three dysfunctional characteristics are high levels of arguments, difficulties communicating, and being excessively critical and controlling of children.

69
Q

What is the ‘schizophrenogenic mother’?

A

The ‘schizophrenogenic mother’ is a concept proposed by Fromm-Reichmann, describing a cold, rejecting, and controlling mother that creates a family climate of tension and secrecy, leading to distrust and potential schizophrenia.

70
Q

What is the double-bind theory?

A

The double-bind theory, proposed by Bateson et al, describes contradictory situations where a child receives conflicting verbal messages and behaviors from parents, leading to social withdrawal and lack of emotional expression.

71
Q

What is expressed emotion in the context of schizophrenia?

A

Expressed emotion refers to the level of negative emotion expressed towards schizophrenic individuals by their family or carers, often characterized by hostility and criticism.

72
Q

How does expressed emotion affect individuals with schizophrenia?

A

Expressed emotion can trigger relapse in individuals with schizophrenia, as it exacerbates their already impaired coping mechanisms.

73
Q

What do cognitive explanations of schizophrenia focus on?

A

Cognitive explanations focus on the role of mental processes such as thinking, language, and attention, suggesting that schizophrenia is caused by abnormal mental processing.

74
Q

What is linked to the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Brain activity is linked to the different symptoms of schizophrenia, indicating that cognition is likely impaired in those who suffer from the disorder.

75
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia explained by?

A

Positive symptoms are thought to be explained through cognitive biases, which are systematic patterns of deviation from normal thinking.

76
Q

What can cognitive biases lead to in schizophrenia?

A

Cognitive biases can lead to delusions, such as an individual interpreting others’ behavior as threatening.

77
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia associated with?

A

Negative symptoms are thought to be associated with a lack of emotional expression due to internal experiences of confusion, anger, and fear.

78
Q

What is speech poverty in schizophrenia attributed to?

A

Speech poverty is thought to occur because individuals are trying to control disorganized thoughts and may not have the capacity to verbalize information.

79
Q

What does dysfunctional thought processing refer to?

A

Dysfunctional thought processing refers to information processing that is not functioning normally and produces undesirable consequences.

80
Q

What are the two kinds of dysfunctional thought processing identified by Frith et al (1992)?

A

The two kinds of dysfunctional thought processing are meta-representation and central control.

81
Q

What is meta-representation in the context of schizophrenia?

A

Meta-representation is part of metacognition and involves the awareness and understanding of one’s own mental state.

82
Q

What does central control refer to in dysfunctional thought processing?

A

Central control refers to the ability to suppress automatic responses, which can be impaired in individuals with schizophrenia.

psychology (6 decks)

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