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Biological Semester 2 > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the DSM criteria for schizophrenia? (2)

A

deteriorating ability to function in everyday life for at least 1 month with continuous disturbance for 6 months

at least 2 symptoms not attributable to other disorders

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia? (6)

A

at least one of the following:
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Disorganized speech

plus any one of the rest
- Grossly disorganized behaviour
- Inappropriate emotional expression
- Social withdrawal

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3
Q

Name the 2 subtypes of schizophrenia

A

Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophreniform disorder

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of schizoaffective disorder? (3)

A
  • meets criteria for MDD or mania
  • meets criteria for schizophrenia
  • psychosis for 2 weeks w/out mood disorder
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5
Q

What are the symptoms for schizophreniform disorder?

A

schizophrenia symptoms for 1 month but no disruption for 6 months

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6
Q

What are disorders/symptoms that may get misdiagnosed for schizophrenia? (5)

A
  • Mood disorder with psychotic features
  • Substance abuse
  • Brain damage
  • Undetected hearing difficulties
  • Huntington’s
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7
Q

Give the demographic data for schizophrenia (3)

A
  • more common in men
  • more severe and early onset in men
  • half the patients with schizophrenia attempt suicide
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8
Q

Define delusions

A

fixed beliefs that aren’t amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence

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9
Q

Define hallucinations

A

perception-like experiences that occur w/out an external stimulus

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10
Q

Distinguish between acute and chronic schizophrenia

A

Acute - sudden onset and good recovery prospect

Chronic - gradual onset and long term course

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11
Q

Distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Positive - behaviours that are present that should be absent

Negative - behaviours that are absent that should be present

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12
Q

Name the positive symptoms (3) of schizophrenia and their 2 categories

What causes the symptoms in each category? (2)

A

Psychotic - overstimulation of dopamine
- delusions
- hallucinations

Disorganized - increased activity in thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
- difficulty using and understanding abstract concepts

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13
Q

Name the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (4)

A
  • weak social interaction
  • flat effect (lack of emotional expression)
  • incoherent speech
  • impaired attention and working memory
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14
Q

What are risk factors that may trigger schizophrenia (5)

A
  • genes
  • neonatal environment impacting early brain development
  • mild brain abnormalities
  • traumatic childhood events
  • complications during delivery
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15
Q

What gene does schizophrenia depend on?

A

DISC1

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16
Q

What is the neurodevelopmental hypothesis? (2)

A

abnormalities in neonatal development of the nervous system leads to:

  • subtle abnormalities of brain anatomy
  • major abnormalities in behaviour
17
Q

What brain abnormalities are found in schizophrenia patients? (4)

A
  • Decreased volume in left temporal and frontal lobes
  • Smaller than average thalamus
  • Larger than average ventricles
  • Abnormal activity in PFC
18
Q

What is the treatment for schizophrenia? (3)

A

Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs - block dopamine:
- phenothiazines
- Butyrophenones

19
Q

What is the Dopamine Hypothesis?

A

schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas - resulting in elevated dopamine turnover

20
Q

What evidence supports the Dopamine Hypothesis?

A

Drugs such as amphetamines/cocaine cause prolonged activity of dopamine, resulting in positive symptoms of schizophrenia

21
Q

What are the side effects of schizophrenia medication? (2)

A

block dopamine in the mesostriatal system projecting from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia

the effect on the basal ganglia produces tardive dyskinesia and bradykinesia

22
Q

Distinguish between tardive dyskinesia (2) and bradykinesia (3)

A

Tardive dyskinesia:
- involuntary movements
- tremors

Bradykinesia:
- reduction in automatic movements
- trouble initiating intentional movements
- delayed responses

23
Q

What is the Glutamate Hypothesis?

A

schizophrenia is partially related to deficient activity at glutamate receptors and fewer glutamate receptors

24
Q

What evidence supports the Glutamate Hypothesis

A

Drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine block glutamate receptors, producing symptoms of schizophrenia

25
Q

How are the excess-dopamine and deficient-glutamate hypotheses compatible? (2)

A
  • Antipsychotics that block dopamine pathways also stimulate glutamate receptors
  • Glutamate receptors regulate dopamine neurons, hence the inhibiting of glutamate receptors contribute to increased activity of dopamine

Biological Semester 2 (8 decks)

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