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Biological Semester 2 > Emotional Behaviours > Flashcards

Emotional Behaviours Flashcards

1
Q

What are feelings? (5)

A

Mental experiences of body states which signify:

physiological needs
tissue injury
optimal function
specific social interactions
threats to the organism

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2
Q

What are the 2 motives we are driven by?

A

Biological - hormones, neurotransmitters, brain structures

Psychosocial - psychological, social, and environmental factors and how they interact with each other

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3
Q

What is the 3-partite brain made up of? + functions

A

Lizard brain - brain stem & cerebellum - autopilot, fight/flight

Mammal brain - limbic system - emotions, memories, habits, attachments

Human brain - neo-cortex - language, abstract thought, imaginations, consciousness, reasoning, rationalising

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4
Q

Which hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release? (6)

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
GH (growth hormone)
Prolactin

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5
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release? (2)

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin

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6
Q

What is the limbic system made up of? (6)

A

thalamus
fornix
hypothalamus
amygdala
mammillary body
hippocampus

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7
Q

Explain LeDoux’s subcortical shortcut (3)

A

Danger is spotted by the eye, and signals are sent to the thalamus

The thalamus sends signals to the amygdala and visual cortex, which also sends signals to the amygdala

The amygdala sends signals to the rest of the body to cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

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8
Q

Why does smiling induce happiness?

A

Brain releases:

dopamine
serotonin
endorphins

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9
Q

Why does seeing someone smile induce happiness?

A

Smiling is neurologically contagious due to mirror neurons

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10
Q

What is Mobius syndrome? (2)

A

Congenital facial paralysis caused by the absence of cranial nerves 6 and 7 which control eye movements and facial expressions

People with Mobius syndrome can still experience happiness

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11
Q

What is the Darwinian perspective on facial expressions?

A

Facial expressions evolved quickly to communicate emotional states to promote social interactions

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12
Q

What is the embodied theory on facial expressions? (2)

A

we understand others’ emotions by reproducing the perceived expression

observing a facial expression can evoke the corresponding emotion in the perceiver

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13
Q

What was the result of De Stefain’s study on facial expressions and emotional understanding?

A

Results supported the embodied theory as the children with Mobius syndrome had mild deficits in emotion recognition and lower physiological responses

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14
Q

How are emotions measured? (3)

A
  1. Observing facial expressions
  2. Physiological measures
  3. Self-report measures
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15
Q

What are 5 physiological measures of emotions?

A

Heart rate
Galvanic skin response
Electromyography (EMG)
Temperature
Electroencephalography (EEG)

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16
Q

What 3 components are considered when defining emotions?

A

Cognitive appraisal of the situation (e.g., this is dangerous)

Sensations one feels (e.g., frightened)

Action related to the situation (e.g., fight, flight, freeze)

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17
Q

What are some functions of the sympathetic nervous system? (5)

A

Widening of pupils
Increase heart rate
Interrupts digestion
Inhibits urination
Promotes orgasm

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18
Q

What are some functions of the parasympathetic nervous system? (5)

A

Constriction of pupils
Slows heart rate
Increases digestions
Stimulates urination
Arousal

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19
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system made up of and their functions? (2)

A

Sympathetic nervous system (crisis management)

Parasympathetic (long-term survival)

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20
Q

What is top down anxiety characterized by? (3)

A

Hypervigilance
Ruminating thoughts
Anxiety shifts attention to interoceptive events

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21
Q

What is bottom up anxiety characterized by? (2)

A

Dizziness
Excess heat and sweat

22
Q

What is the common sense view of how the ANS relates to emotions? (3)

A
  1. Conscious psychological experience (e.g., feeling fear)
  2. Physiological ANS activity
  3. Action (e.g., running away)
23
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of how the ANS relates to emotions? (2)

A
  1. Physiological ANS activity & behaviour
  2. Emotional/psychological aspect
24
Q

Explain the James-Lange theory (2)

A

Autonomic arousal occurs first

The mind’s perception of the higher adrenaline level, heartbeat, etc. is the emotion

25
Q

Compare the James-Lange theory, the Cannon-bard theory, and the Schachter-Singer theory

A

JL - first comes autonomic arousal, second comes the emotion

CB - arousal and emotion are experienced simultaneously

SS - arousal and recognition of emotion occur first, then the emotion is experienced

26
Q

What are the 6 basic emotions?

A

Happiness
Sadness
Fear
Disgust
Anger
Surprise

27
Q

What is the 7th basic emotion added by Ekman?

A

contempt

28
Q

How does the left hemisphere contribute to emotion? (5)

A

Behavioural activation system
Low autonomic arousal
Motivation
Happiness
Sensitive to reward

29
Q

How does the right hemisphere contribute to emotion? (5)

A

Behavioural inhibition system
Higher attention and arousal
Avoidance
Fear/disgust
Sensitive to punishment

30
Q

How do the brain hemispheres relate to personality? (2)

A

More activity in the left hemisphere = more outgoing and fun loving

More activity in the right hemisphere = more socially withdrawn and more responsive to emotional stimuli

31
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis? Give an example

A

the brain gets information from the body based on what it’s doing

e.g., a fake smile can fool the brain into thinking you are happy, so stress is reduced and heart rate is lowered

32
Q

What is the principle of double effect? (2)

A

It is permissible to indirectly cause harm if the action promotes an even greater good

However it is not permissible to directly cause harm, even in the pursuit of greater good

33
Q

What brain areas are activated when contemplating the trolley/footbridge/lifeboat dilemmas? (3)

A

Insula
Hippocampus
Amygdala

34
Q

What is the insula responsible for? (5)

A

gustatory & sensorimotor processing
risk-reward behaviour
autonomics
pain pathways
auditory & vestibular functioning

35
Q

Why is pulling the level easier than pushing a person (trolley & footbridge dilemma)? Explain in terms of social norms, cognitive load & automaticity, attribution of responsibility, and evolutionary perspective (4)

A

Social norms - pulling the lever aligns with the social norm of minimizing harm

Cognitive load & automaticity - pulling the lever requires less cognitive effort and is more automatic

Attribution of responsibility - pulling the lever is an indirect consequence while pushing the person is a direct act

Evolutionary perspective - favouring actions (pulling the lever) that minimize harm may have survival advantages

36
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Prioritizing helping close relatives due to shared genes, enhancing group survival

37
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

helping others with the expectation of future assistance

38
Q

What are the functions (2) and dysfunctions (4) of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

A

Functions:
- values
- morality

Dysfunction:
- poor risk assessment
- no moral reasoning
- impulsivity
- no guilt

39
Q

What are the functions (3) and dysfunctions (2) of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

Functions:
- delayed gratification
- working memory
- emotion regulation

Dysfunctions:
- choosing immediate gratification
- inability to suppress intense emotions

40
Q

What are the functions (3) and dysfunctions (2) of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Functions:
- punishment sensitivity
- learning consequences

Dysfunctions :
- inability to adapt behaviour to punishment
- no considering consequences

41
Q

Characteristics of the prefrontal cortex (3)

A

Goal oriented thinking
Reasoning & decision making
Social & emotional intelligence

42
Q

Functions of the prefrontal cortex (2)

A

Selects best course of action

Receives info from perceptual and motor brain areas, and subcortical areas

43
Q

What happens when the prefrontal cortex is damaged? (2)

A

a break in the feedback loops of reason and emotion

no anticipation of feelings of loss or gain

44
Q

What were the changes in the case of Phineas Gage (damage to frontal lobe)? (4)

A

Change in personality
Untrustworthy
Liar
Use of profanity

45
Q

What happened to Elliot after having a tumour removed from his frontal lobe? (2)

A

Could recall facts about his life but with no emotion tied to them

Decision-making was impaired due to no somatic markers

46
Q

What is the Somatic Marker Hypothesis? (2)

A

When thinking about a course of action, you imagine your body in a potential situation and either get a good or bad feeling about it

Those feelings are the somatic markers, which filter away alternatives, creating a shortcut to decision making

47
Q

What happens to people with damage to the amygdala?

A

they do not experience the intensity of feelings of loss or gain

48
Q

Explain loss aversion (2)

A

When at a loss, we become riskier

We are wired to avoid losses more than to seek gains

49
Q

When do risk-taking behaviours result in reward, from an evolutionary stand point? (3)

A

Resource acquisition - allows exploration of new territories

Social status & mating - increased social status or access to mates

Adaptation to change - exploring new strategies when faced with scarcity/loss

50
Q

Is decision making entirely rational?

A

No - it requires emotions

Biological Semester 2 (8 decks)

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