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Psychology- Paper 3- Evaluation > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability- evaluation-
What are the limitations of realisability?

A
  • different symptoms have different meanings in different cultures. (In Haiti, hearing voices is communication form ancestors, British people of African-Caribbean origin are 9x more likely to be diagnosed), shows how difference in clinicians can affect diagnosis. Decreases reliability
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2
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- reliability- evaluation-
What is a strength of reliability?

A
  • improvement in DSM-5. (Osorio (2019), high reliability, using new DSM-5, amounts 180 patients, achieved integrated reliability score of 97+, and test re test of 92+), consistency between observers means the reliability is higher.
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3
Q

C and C of Schizophrenia- validity- evaluation-
What are the limitations of validity?

A
  • symptom overlap. (Symptoms are not exclusive to one disorder, bipolar and SZ overlap.), misdiagnosis could occur as symptoms of D and A are so rare. Hard to separate, so low validity.
  • co-morbidity. (Depression and schizophrenia are together rather than separate.), when someone has more than one disorder at a time. Decreases the validity of diagnosis.
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4
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- genetics- evaluation-
What are the strengths?

A
  • support from family studies. (Gottesman- increased risk when there was a higher genetic similarity with a family member), (Ripke- concordance rate of 35% amongst Mz twins), (genetic link is clearly evidenced)
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5
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- genetics- evaluation-
What is the limitation?

A
  • only supports one side of the nature vs nurture debate, (Morkvet (2017)- 67% who had schizophrenia all reported to have at least one childhood trauma), (childhood experiences have left individuals more venerable creating higher risk), (genetics are not enough to be a full explanation)
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6
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N- evaluation-
What are the strengths?

A
  • research support, (amphetamines increase dopamine, and worsen symptoms of schizophrenia while inducing symptoms of those without. Antipsychotic drugs reduce dopamine, and reduces the intensity of schizophrenia symptoms),, (both high an low levels of dopamine are present in schizophrenia) , (increased dopamine hypothesis validity)
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7
Q

Biological explanations of schizophrenia- N- evaluation-
What is the limitation of neural causes of schizophrenia?

A
  • other neural causes, (post-Morton and live-scanning studies have consistently found that realised levels of other neurotransmitters (glutamate) in several brain regions of people with schizophrenia, several candidate genes are believed to be involved in glutamate production or processing), (equally strong case can be made for other transmitters), (cause and effect cannot be established if it questions the validity of theories)
  • highly deterministic, (genetic cause of schizophrenia), (everything is down to biological factors), (ignores free will, and the environment, stress is a cause of schizophrenia)
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8
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- evaluation-
What is a strength?

A

EVIDENCE, (Read, 2005, adults with schizophrenia are more likely to have insecure attachment, 69% of women, 59% of men with Sch, have a history of PA or SA, at least one childhood trauma, high EE increases schizophrenia), (high levels of EE can trigger schizophrenia), (family dysfunction can cause schizophrenia)

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9
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- FD- evaluation-
What is a initiation?

A
  • poor evidence base for experiments, (no evidence for DBT, both based on clinical observations and informed assessment of their mothers personalities,, not systematic evidence), (not enough evidence to compose theories, causal and effect, questions the link between childhood trauma and schizophrenia)
  • deterministic, (sibling may nor have it but have grown up in the same environemnet), (controversial if it is deterministic)
  • socially sensitive, (blames the other and the father, EE shows the power of arfuing), (puts parents completely at fault)
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10
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- evaluation-
What is a strength?

A
  • research support.
  • Stirling (2006)- 30 schiz vs no schiz using strop test (strop test= say the colour of the word not the actual word)
  • patients with schizophrenia took longer, showing brain abnormalities
  • supports friths theory
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11
Q

Psychological explanations do schizophrenia- CE- evaluation-
What is a limitation?

A
  • cause and effect (no explanation for the cause)
  • research into cognitive effects explains some symptoms of schizophrenia, cognitive explanations are proximal explanations
  • they explain what is happening now to produce symptoms rather than the initial cause (other factors could be genetics)
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12
Q

Drug treatment- evaluation-
What is a strength?

A
  • research support
  • Thornley (2006)- compared the effects of chlorpromazine to control conditions. 13 redials, 1121 pps showed that the drug was associated with better functioning
  • Melzer (2012)- clozapine is more effective then typical antipsychotics, shown by its 30-50% effectiveness
  • both show highly likely hood of working
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13
Q

Drug treatment- evaluation-
What is a limitation?

A
  • may only be effective short term
  • the studies have been published d multiple times which exaggerate the size of the evidence base for positive effects, the drugs have a calming effect so is therefore easier to demonstrate that they have some positive effects on people experiencing the symptoms of schizophrenia
  • may not be as effective for ling term symptoms
  • many side effects.
  • typical antipsychotics can cause dizziness, insomnia, stiff jaw, weight gain itchy skin erc
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14
Q

Psychological treatments- CBT- evaluation-
What is a strength?

A
  • research support, clinically proven through research methods (lab)
  • Jauhar (2014)- reviewed 34 studies using CBT,
  • showed small but significant effects on p and N symptoms. Clinical evidence from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, recommends CBT
  • this shows evidence supporting CBT
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15
Q

Psychological treatments- CBT- evaluation-
What is a limitation?

A
  • individual differences, so cannot conclude universal success
  • Thomas (2015)- reviewed different studies which involves different CBT techniques on people with different combinations of positive and negative symptoms.
  • CBT techniques and schizophrenia symptoms differ.
  • shows how findings are subjective and cannot be generalised
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16
Q

Psychological treatments- family therapy- evaluation-
What are the strengths?

A
  • research support, McFarlane (2016),
    0 concluded family therapy was one of the most consistently effective treatments (relapse rate dropped by 50-60%)
  • NICE recommends family therapy for anyone with diagnosis
  • benefits people with schizophrenia
  • benefits families too,
  • Lobban and Bar oowclough (2016), gives families the ability to provide support to schiz individuals
  • strengthens the whole family, and lessens the impact on other family members
  • improves patients and families quality of life
17
Q

Psychological treatments- family therapy- evaluation-
What is a limitation?

A
  • both treatments are unlikely to cure
  • suggests schiz is a biological condition, psychological treatments cannot cure biological conditions
  • instead helps the patient to deal with their disorder and improve their quality of life
  • questions usefulness
18
Q

Token economy- evaluation-
What are the strengths of token economy?

A
  • effective in managing schizophrenia (research support)
  • Glowaki (2016), 7 studies, ground a reduction in negative symptoms and unwanted behaviour
19
Q

Token economy- evaluation-
What is a counterpoint to Glowacki’s sturdy?

A

Only used seven studies, file drawer problem (positive bias)

20
Q

Token economy- evaluation-
What are the limitation of token economy?

A
  • art therapy. More effective and thick, patients need to be deprived of basic needs for the token economy to work. Chiang (2019)alternative way to manage.
  • ethical issue. Tokens are exchanged for basic human rights. Impacts freedom and quality of life.
  • hospital setting. No tokens outside of the hospital, cant give themselves tokens, patients may show negative behaviour again.
21
Q

Interactionist approach- evaluation-
What is a strength?

A
  • evidence supporting vulnerability and triggers.
    Tienari (2003), genetic vulnerabilities and psychological triggers , used 19000 finish children, (bio mother= schiz), compared to a control group adoptees without a family history of schizophrenia.
    Found high levels of criticism, hostility and low levels of empathy, were strongly associated with the development of schizophrenia, nut only in the high risk group.
  • combination of biological and psychological treatments.
    Practical application (drug treatment and therapy), shows enhancing effectiveness.
    Terrier (2004), (315), 1- medication and CBT, 2- medication and counselling, 3- medication only.
22
Q

Interactionist approach- evaluation-
What are the limitation s?

A
  • concepts are too simplistic (Meehl).
  • mutations on menu different genes that could cause schizophrenia.
  • Meehls one schizogene would then seem unlikely, includes early trauma.
  • Houston (2008), childhood sexual abuse was a major factor in an underlying vulnerability to develop schizophrenia.

Psychology- Paper 3- Evaluation (4 decks)

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