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Psychology Paper 3 > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two classifications of schizophrenia?

A

DSM-5 and ICD-10

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2
Q

What does the DSM-5 require for diagnosis?

A

One positive symptom must be present for diagnosis

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3
Q

What does the ICD-10 require for diagnosis?

A

Two negative symptoms must be present for diagnosis

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4
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations and delusions, disorganised speech

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5
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Speech poverty and Avolition

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6
Q

Give two strengths of diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia

A
  1. Inter-rater reliability (Osorio +97 using the DSM-5)
  2. Test- retest reliability (Osorio +92 using the DSM-5)
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7
Q

Give 3 brief limitations of the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia

A
  1. Co- Morbidity & symptom overlap= schizophrenia is consistently diagnosed with other disorders e.g depression
  2. Culture bias = symptoms such as hearing voices is positive in other cultures. afro Caribbean
  3. Gender bias = Women are under diagnosed as they have closer relationships with others (able to function)
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8
Q

What does Gottesman’s scale read?

A

Identical twins = 48%
Fraternal twins = 17%
Children = 13%
Siblings = 9%
Parents & half siblings = 6%
Grandchildren = 5%
Nephews & Nieces = 4%
Uncles & Aunts = 2%
Cousins = 2%
General population = 1%

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9
Q

What does Gottesman’s scale prove?

A

Proves a correlation between genes and schizophrenia as the stronger the genes are the higher risk is.

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10
Q

What do candidate genes mean?

A

The genes involved in schizophrenia

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11
Q

What does polygenic mean?

A

Schizophrenia is influenced by many genes

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12
Q

What are the most likely genes of schizophrenia

A

The ones coding for neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Who found genetic variations in schizophrenia and how many were there?

A

Ripke et al: found 108 separate variations were invoked in the risk of schizophrenia by studying people with schizophrenia and a control group

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14
Q

What term describes many different combinations of factors can lead to schizophrenia?

A

Aetiologically heterogeneous

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15
Q

Give one strength of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia

A

Research support = Gottesman

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16
Q

What is a limitation of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia?

A

Nature v nurture = the fact the concordance rates on Gottesman’s chart aren’t 100% means schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes

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17
Q

What are neural correlates in reference to schizophrenia

A

activity in the brain that occur in correlation to schizophrenia

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18
Q

What is the main neural correlate for schizophrenia?

A

The neurotransmitter dopamine

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19
Q

What is the original dopamine hypothesis?

A

Based on the discovery that drugs used to treat schizophrenia that reduced dopamine also reduced symptoms
-suggesting schizophrenia is linked to high levels of dopamine

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20
Q

How can dopamine be an explanation for speech poverty?

A

An excess of dopamine receptors in pathways from the sub cortex to Broca’s area

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21
Q

What is the updated version of the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Try to explain the orgins of abnormal dopamine function

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22
Q

What is the research for the updated dopamine hypothesis?

A

Howes = genetic variations and early experiences of stress make some people more sensitive to hyperdopaminergia (higher than usual levels of dopamine in the sub cortex)

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23
Q

Give one strength of neural correlates of schizophrenia

A

Evidence for dopamine = support for the idea that dopamine is involved in schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs reduce dopamine activity and also symptoms

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24
Q

Give one limitation of neural correlate of schizophrenia?

A

Biologically reductionist = just because someone has high Dopamine levels doesn’t mean they will have schizophrenia

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25
Q

Who proposed the schizophrenogenic mother theory and why?

A

Reichmann = Based in the accounts from patients about their childhoods who talked about a particular kind of parent.

26
Q

What are the schizophrenogenic mother characteristics?

A

Mother is: cold, rejecting, controlling
-Leads to distrust which later develops paranoid delusions and ultimately schizophrenia

27
Q

Who proposed the double blind theory?

A

Bateson

28
Q

What does the double blind theory consist of?

A

Bateson
-Children who received contradictory messages from parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia
-fear of doing something wrong and unable to comment on the unfair treatment
-punishments are usually withdrawal of love which is confusing

29
Q

What is the expressed emotion theory?

A

Brown - Families with high levels of hostile EE create an environment that may cause schizophrenia

30
Q

What are the 3 elements of expressed emotion?

A

1.Verbal Criticism
2.Hostility
3. Emotional over involvement in their life

31
Q

Give one strength of family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia

A

Research support = indicators of family dysfunction include insecure attachment

32
Q

Give two limitations of family dysfunction

A
  1. Explanations lack support, the schizophrenogenic mother is based on observation of patients and informal assessments of the patients mothers she has not been able to account for the link between trauma and schizophrenia
  2. Reductionist, it’s parent blaming
33
Q

What are the 3 cognitive explanations for schizophrenia?

A

-Dysfunctional thinking
-Metarepresentaion dysfunction
-Central control dysfunction

34
Q

What is the dysfunctional thinking explanation for schizophrenia?

A

-Reduced thought processing in the ventral striatum is associated with negative symptoms, this lower level of the information processing means cognition is likely to be impaired

35
Q

Who proposed metarepresentation and and central control dysfunction in cognitive explanations?

A

Frith et al

36
Q

What is metarepresentation dysfunction?

A

-Metarepresentation is the cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour
-Dysfunction would distrust our ability to recognise our own actions and thoughts as being carried out by ourselves (delusions)

37
Q

What is Central control dysfunction?

A

Frith et al identified issues with the cognitive ability to suppress automatic responses/ triggers in response to stimuli

-Speech poverty could be a result on the inability to suppress automatic speech triggered by other thoughts:

38
Q

What is one strength of cognitive explanations of schizophrenia?

A

Nurture, it takes on board the nurture approach to development of schizophrenia. Adds to research of many different factors and CBT treatment

39
Q

Give two limitations of cognitive explanations of schizophrenia

A
  1. Reductionist, does not consider other factors such as genes.
  2. It assumes poor cognition causes schizophrenia when it’s could be schizophrenia causing the poor cognitive
40
Q

What are Typical antipsychotics?

A

-The first generation that work with Dopamine antagonists

-blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the brain

-Chlorpromazine is an effective sedative that calms down patients

41
Q

What are Atypical antipsychotics?

A

-A newer drug that aims to improve upon the effectiveness of drugs in symptoms of psychosis whilst minimising side effect.
-Clozapine and Risperidone

42
Q

What are the two drugs involved in atypical antipsychotics and what are their functions?

A

Clozapine = binds to dopamine receptors and acts on serotonin and glutamine receptors which reduces depression and anxiety

Risperidone = binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine (effective in smaller doses)

43
Q

Give one strength of drug therapy in schizophrenia

A

Effective, since the mid 1950’s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment
(Reduce symptoms helping the patient function more effectively)

44
Q

Give two limitations of drug therapy in schizophrenia

A
  1. Side effects of typical antipsychotics such as dizziness, sleepiness, itchy skin
  2. Tardive dyskinesia, caused by dopamine hypersensitivity and causes involuntary bodily movements (especially face)
45
Q

What is cognitive behaviour therapy?

A

-Helps clients make sense of how irrational cognitions impact them

-e.g hearing voices, if a therapist can convince them the voice is coming from their own brain and cannot hurry then it can make for a less scary experience

  • doesn’t eliminate symptoms but reduces stress improving their ability to function
46
Q

What is a strength and also the research of cognitive behaviour therapy?

A

Jauhar et al = evidence for effectiveness

-he reviewed studies using CBT and concluded that their is a small but significant effect in symptoms

47
Q

Give two limitations of cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia

A
  1. Time consuming and expensive compared to antipsychotic drugs
  2. Self awareness, requires a person to be in touch and ready for change and not all are.
48
Q

Who is the researcher for family therapy for schizophrenia

A

Pharaoh et al

49
Q

What are Pharaoh et al’s two aims of family therapy

A

Reduces negative emotions = helps reduce levels of expressed emotion I.e reduce the level negative emotions (anger, guilt) reducing likelihood of relapse

Improves family’s ability to help = therapist encourages family to agree with the aims of the therapy
-therapist tries to improve/ educate families beliefs on behaviours of schizophrenia

50
Q

What is one strength of family therapy for schizophrenia?

A

Benefits the whole family, therapy doesn’t just benefit the patient but also for the families that provide care.
-it lessens the negative impact schizophrenia has on others.

51
Q

What’s one limitation of family therapy for schizophrenia?

A

Reductionist, Family therapy is based on nurture which is only one singular factor of schizophrenia.

52
Q

What are token economies?

A

Reward systems for schizophrenics, specifically those who have been in psychiatric hospitals

-Behavioural modification as desirable behaviours are reinforced

-people are given rewards (tokens) when they engage in acceptable behaviour

-these tokens can be exchanged for (food or privileges)

53
Q

Who are the researchers for token economies?

A

Ayllon & Azrin

54
Q

What was the research for token economies

A

Allyon & Azrin = trialled token economies in a ward of women and found that the number of tasks they did increased significantly

55
Q

What are two limitations of token economies?

A
  1. Ethical issues, severely ill patients can’t get privileges because they are less able to comply (may suffer discrimination)
  2. Difficult for a person to continue outside of a hospital setting.
56
Q

What does the interactionist approach acknowledge?

A

There are biological, psychological and social factors in the development of schizophrenia

57
Q

What does the diathesis- stress model say?

A

Both vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress trigger is necessary to develop it.

58
Q

Who proposed the “schizogene” in the diathesis stress model and what did they say?

A

Meehl’s model = if a person does not have a schizogene then no amount of stress could lead to schizophrenia

59
Q

What is treatment of schizophrenia according to the interactionist approach?

A

Both biological and psychological treatments (e.g antipsychotics and CBT)

Turkington = pointed out that it is possible to in believe biological causes but still practice CBT to relieve symptoms

60
Q

What is one strength of the interactionist approach?

A

Effective theory, it combines biological and psychological therapies and studies show that when you combine it becomes more effective

61
Q

What is one limitation of the interactionist approach of schizophrenia?

A

Over simplicity, multiple genes in multiple combinations influence diathesis, stress also comes in many forms (not just a trigger)

Psychology Paper 3 (4 decks)

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