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Psychology Paper 3 > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the female chromosomes

A

XX

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2
Q

What are the male chromosomes

A

XY

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3
Q

What do chromosomes determine?

A

Hormonal differences e.g anatomy, hair growth

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4
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender

A

Sex is biological status of male or female whereas gender is psychosocial status as masculine or feminine

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5
Q

What is gender dysphoria

A

The biological sex of a person doesn’t correspond with their gender identity

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6
Q

What is a sex role stereotype

A

A set of expectations that people within society or culture hold about what is acceptable behaviour for male or females

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7
Q

What is Androgny

A

A personality type that is of both masculine and feminine traits

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8
Q

What is a measurement of Androgny

A

Bem’s sex role inventory

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9
Q

What does Bem’s sex role inventory consist of?

A

A scale presents 20 characteristics that would commonly be identified as “masculine”
20 “feminine”
And 20 “neutral”
-participants were asked to rate themselves on a 7 point scale
-1 being “never true of me”
-7 being “always true of me”

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10
Q

What were the classifications and scores of Bem’s sex role inventory?

A

Scores were classified into 4 groups
Classification- masculine = Score- High masculine, low feminine.
Classification- Feminine = Score High feminine, low masculine
Classification- Androgynous = Score High masculine, High feminine
Classification- Undifferenced = Score Low masculine, Low feminine

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11
Q

Give 2 strengths of Bem’s sex role inventory

A
  1. Quantitative approach, a numerical approach is useful for research purposes e.g quantifying a dependant variable.
  2. Good test retest reliability
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12
Q

Give 2 limitations of Bem’s sex role inventory

A

1.Self awareness, people may not have insight into their gender identity. You need a strong sense of self.
2.temporal validity, it was developed over 40 years ago (outdated)

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13
Q

Explain the role of chromosomes

A

-There are 46 chromosomes split 2 pairs of 23, the 23rd pair determining biological sex.
-males have XY chromosomes
-females have XX chromosomes
-All egg cells have an X chromosomes and sperm carry either an X or Y chromosome

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14
Q

Describe the role of hormones

A

-at puberty a burst of hormonal activity triggers the development of sexual characteristics necessary for reproduction

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15
Q

What is the female hormone and what is the male hormone?

A

Female is Oestrogen
Male is Testosterone

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16
Q

Describe the hormone testosterone

A

-A male hormone that controls the development of male sex organs
-High levels of testosterone are linked to aggression (linking to stereotypes)

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17
Q

Describe the hormone Oestrogen

A

-A female hormone that determines sexual characteristics and mensuration
-causes women to experience heightened emotion during menstruation
-referred to as PMS when it becomes a diagnosable disorder

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18
Q

Describe Oxytocin

A

-Women typically produce it in larger amounts than men particularly a result of giving birth
-typically referred to as the “love hormone”
-It is released in massive quantities after childbirth.
-because men produce less it creates the stereotypes of men being less intimate.

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19
Q

What is a research for hormones in reference to hypogonadism

A

Wang et al = gave men with hypogonadism (a condition caused by a man’s testes failing to produce normal levels of testosterone) therapy.
-Found testosterone replacement improved sexual function, mood and muscle strength
-shows that testosterone has a powerful influence on these characteristics

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20
Q

Give one strength and 2 limitations of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender

A

Strength = research support, Wang et al
Limitation = Reductionist, ignores alternative explanations such as the cognitive approach with processes such as gender schema
Limitation = nature v nurture

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21
Q

What is Klinefelters syndrome?

A

An example of atypical sex chromosome patterns in men
-affects around 1 in 600 biological men who have an extra X chromosome (XXY)

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22
Q

What are the physical effects of klinefelters syndrome?

A

-Reduced body hair
-softening of body
-underdeveloped genitals
-breast development

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23
Q

What are psychological effects of Klinefelters syndrome?

A

-poorly developed language and reading skills
-passiveness
-shyness

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24
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

-An example of atypical sex chromosomes in females
-effects around 1 in 5000 biological females who have 45 chromosomes instead of 46
-they have an absence of one X chromosome

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25
Q

What are the physical effects of Turner’s syndrome

A

-No menstrual cycle
-No breasts
-low set ears & webbed neck

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26
Q

What are the psychological effects of Turners syndrome

A

-higher reading ability
-poor maths
-socially immature

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27
Q

Give one strength and one limitation of atypical sex chromosomes

A

Strength = Nature v nurture, helps psychologists establish which types of behaviour are innate
Limitation = Sampling issue, klinefelters syndrome only tested on people with severe symptoms (distorting reality)

28
Q

What is kohlbergs theory?

A

Gender is based on the idea that child’s understanding of gender becomes sophisticated with age (brain development)

29
Q

What is the first stage of kohlbergs theory?

A

Gender identity = Age 2 to 3 children can identify themselves and others as boy or girl based on outward appearances e.g hair or clothes

30
Q

What is the second stage of Kohlberg theory?

A

Gender stability = Age 4 children realise gender will always be the same over time (boys grow into men)
-although not in different situations (man with long hair)

31
Q

What is the third stage of kohlbergs theory?

A

gender constancy = age 6 children recognise gender remains constant across time and situations

32
Q

What research supports kohlbergs theory?

A

Thompson = found that 3 year olds were able to identify sex better than 2 year olds

33
Q

Give a strength of kolhlbergs theory

A
  1. Research support = Thompson
34
Q

Give two limitations of kohlbergs theory

A
  1. it’s descriptive rather than explanatory. Tells us how not why.
  2. SLT believes gender is from reinforcement and imitation (gives us a better account)
35
Q

What is gender schema?

A

An organised set of beliefs and expectations of gender that are derived from experience
-controls how a person navigates their own gender and others

36
Q

What is the study of gender schema after gender identity

A

Martin & Halverson = Once a child has established gender identity at 2-3 years they will begin to search the environment for information that encourages development of gender schema.

37
Q

How does gender schema determine behaviour?

A

-Schema are likely to be formed around stereotypes such as girls have long hair boys have short hair.
-by 6 children have a fixed stereotypical view of what is gender appropriate

38
Q

What does In-group information of gender schema mean?

A

Children tend to have better understanding of the schema that is appropriate to their gender (the In-group)

39
Q

Why is In-group information of gender scheme better remembered?

A

Children pay more attention to information relevant to their gender identity

40
Q

Give one strength of gender schema theory

A

Strength = Research support, Martin and Halversons own study found that children the age of 6 were more likely to remember photographs of gender appropriate behaviour than gender inappropriate behaviour which is what gender schema predicted.

41
Q

Give one limitation of gender schema theory

A

It reinforces the maintenance and power of gender beliefs which are harmful in the society we live in today

42
Q

What does the term Pre-phallic mean in Freuds theory of gender?

A

Prior to the phallic stage at which children have no concept of gender so they look to genitals ( the phallic stage)

43
Q

What is the Oedipus complex in gender?

A

-in the phallic stage boys feel attraction towards their mother and see the father as competition for that love.
-however the boy realises his father is more powerful and fears he may be castrated by him.
-this leads to castration anxiety
-to resolve this conflict the boy gives up his love for mother and identifies with his father.

44
Q

What is the electra complex in gender?

A

-In the phallic stage girl’s experience penis envy, competing with her mother for her fathers love.
-they develop double resentment = first, their mother standing in the way
Second, the mother is to blame for having no penis (castrated by her mother)
-over time girls accept they will never have a penis and substitute penis envy with the desire to have children, identifying with their mothers as a result

45
Q

What did Bem say about his Androgyny scale results?

A

People who are highly androgynous are more psychologically healthy than people who are strongly masculine, strongly feminine or undifferenced

46
Q

What is identification and internalisation in freuds theory of gender?

A

Both sexes identify with the same sex parent and adopt their attitudes (gender identity) and internalise it by taking it on board.

47
Q

Outline Freuds Little hans case study

A

-his evidence for the Oedipus complex
-Hans was a 5 year old boy with a fear of being bitten by a horse
-Freud said that his fear of being bitten was an unconscious defence mechanism (displacement) of his fear of castration.

48
Q

Give 3 brief limitations of freuds psychodynamic theory

A

1.Gender bias, Freud admitted women were a mystery to him ( little hans & connotations of “penis envy)
2.Not scientific, can’t be falsified & little hans
3.temporal validity, theory was developed in 1900s society has progressed

49
Q

Outline direct reinforcement in SLT in reference to gender

A

-children are more likely to be reinforced (praised) for demonstrating gender appropriate behaviour
-The way boys and girls are encouraged to show gender appropriate behaviour is called differential reinforcement.

50
Q

Outline vicarious reinforcement in SLT in reference to gender

A

-If consequences of another persons behaviour are “rewarded” children are more likely to imitate and vice versa (punished)
-e.g mother receives a compliment for wearing makeup and a dress.

51
Q

What are the meditational processes?

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
(ARRM)

52
Q

Give one strength of SLT approach in gender

A

real world application
-can explain cultural changes in gender appropriate behaviour
-The shift in social norms over the years has caused new forms of gender behaviour that are now unlikely to be punished.

53
Q

Give 2 limitations of SLT approach in gender

A
  1. doesn’t provide an accurate representation of how learning processes vary with age
    -A two year old doesn’t learn the same as a 9 year old.
  2. Non scientific, not testable
54
Q

Give a detailed description of the influence of cross- cultural research for the nature v nurture Debate of gender

A

-if a particular gender role behaviour appears to be consistent across different cultures, it might be concluded to be an innate biological difference between males and females (nature)
-but if they are culturally specific it could be concluded to be influenced by socialisation (nurture)

55
Q

What is a culture research in gender to do with nurture

A

Mead = cross cultural study of gender roles on the island of Somoa
-The Arapesh men and women were gentle (the stereotype of femininity)
-Shows sex and gender don’t correlate

56
Q

What is a culture research in gender to do with nature?

A

Buss = found in all cultures from 37 countries women sought out men who could provide wealth
-Whereas men sought out women who were physically attractive

57
Q

Give a brief description of media and gender roles

A

The media provide role models that children identify and imitate (most likely same sex)

58
Q

Who said that the media give stereotypical presentations and what did they specifically did they say?

A

Furnham & Farragher = Men are more likely to be shown in professional roles whereas women in domestic settings.

59
Q

What is self efficacy?

A

Bandura = said that media gives info to males and females
- this increases a child’s belief they are able capable of carrying out such behaviours in the future if their role models can.

60
Q

What is a research of self efficacy

A

Mitra et al= a detective drama gave girls hope they are capable of working outside the home.

61
Q

Evaluate the media influence on gender with 1 strength and 1 limitation.

A

Strength = It holds theoretical basis, shows cultivation theory
Limitation = Reductionist, Other factors than the media are, like family.

62
Q

What is the Brain sex theory in gender dysphoria?

A

Suggest gender dysphoria has a basis in brain structure

63
Q

What is the study of brain sex theory in gender?

A

Kruijver et al = the bed nucleus of the Syria terminalis. This structure is involved in emotional responses which is larger in males than females
-has been found to be female sized in transgender females.
-Suggests people with gender dysphoria have a BST which is the size of the gender they identify with not their biological sex.

64
Q

What is the research for genetic factors in gender dysphoria?

A

Heylens et al = studies twins
-Found 39% of the identical twins were concordant for gender dysphoria compared to non of the fraternal twins.

65
Q

What is the research of the social constructionism of gender? (gender dysphoria)

A

McClintock = Individuals with a genetic condition
(5-alpha-reductase deficiency) 5ARD
-in the Sahara of New Guinea
-Causes some biological males to be characterised as girls bc they have a clitoris, that during puberty becomes a penis
-it’s accepted socially that females turn into males.

Psychology Paper 3 (4 decks)

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