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PSYCH PAPER 3 > SCHIZOPHRENIA > Flashcards

SCHIZOPHRENIA Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the diagnosis of schizophrenia more common in men or women

A

Men

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2
Q

What is the medical approach for classification

A
  • identify symptoms that go together

- this will make the correct disorder

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3
Q

How do you make a diagnosis

A
  • identify symptoms and use classification system to identify the disorder
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4
Q

What does the classification DSM-5 mean

A

one positive symptom

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5
Q

What does the classification ICD-10

A

Two negative symptoms

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6
Q

Name 2 positive symptoms and state what they are

A
  1. hallucinations- unusual sensory experiences, maybe distortion of reality
  2. Delusions- beliefs not based on reality, bizarre behavior
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7
Q

Name and desrcibe 2 negative symptoms

A
  1. speech poverty- reduced amount and poor quality of speech

2. Avolition- loss of motivation/ low activity

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8
Q

What did Osorio prove

A

proved good reliability of the classification model.

  • inter rate relaibilty 97%
  • test retest 92%
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9
Q

what does co-morbity mean

A

the presence of one or more additional conditions often co-occurring with a primary condition

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10
Q

define symptom overlap

A

the symptoms for 2 or more disorders that overlap making it more difficult to make a diagnosis

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11
Q

What is family therapy and how does it work

A
  • reduces negative emotions- reduces expressed emotions and anger and guilt which prevents relapse
  • improves families ability to help- therapeutic alliance, understanding of schizophrenia
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12
Q

What are the 7 stages of Family therapy

A
  1. share info
  2. identify resource
  3. learn mutual understanding
  4. indentify unhelpful patterns of interaction
  5. skills training
  6. release prevention
  7. maintenance
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13
Q

Name an evaluation point of family therapy

A
  • effective- relapse rate down 50-60%

- benefits to whole family- strengthens families ability to support

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14
Q

Describe CBT

A
  • cognitive behavioral therapy

- 5-20 sessions of CBT, individually or in groups deals with thoughts (delusions) and behaviors

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15
Q

How does CBT help

A
  • therapist helps client make sense of symptom

- normalization used to reduce anxiety and reality testing to challenge delusions

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16
Q

State 2 evaluation points of CBT

A
  • effective- studies reviewed showed positive and negative symptoms improved
  • Quality of evidence- different studies focus on different CBT techniques so not sure which one may particularly help clients
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17
Q

Who was gottesman

A
  • said that risk of schizophrenia increases with genetic similarity to someone with the condition. 2% for aunt, 9% for siblings
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18
Q

What did Ripke say

A
  • 108 genetic variations each slightly increase the risk of schizophrenia
19
Q

what are candidate genes

A
  • individual genes are believed to be associated with risk of inheritance.
  • SZ is polygenic, requires a number of factors to work in combination therefor suggesting SZ is not just genetic
20
Q

What did tienari state

A

Investigated adoption studies and these shows heightened risk from biological parents.

21
Q

What is the Dopamine Hypothesis

A
  • brain chemical messengers appear to work differently in the brain of patient of SZ
  • high level of dopamine in subcortex which is responsible for speech production or auditory hallucinations
22
Q

What is a strength of the dopamine hypothesis

A
  • treat via antipyscotic drugs
  • curran found antipyscotics and amphetamies increase dopamine levels
  • too much dopamine= SZ
23
Q

What is a negative of the dopamine hypothesis

A
  • cannot claim cause and effect because only positive correlation
  • Healy said pharmacies promoted as they would receive huge profits from it
24
Q

What is the double bind theory

A

contradictory family communication, child cant win. not a cause just risk factor

25
Q

What is EE?

A
  • expressed emotions

- families with high levels of hostile EE create stressful that may cause SZ in vunerable person

26
Q

What is the schizophrenegenic mother

A
  • pyscodynamic approach- cold, rejecting and controlling mother- leads to distrust and paranoid delusion
27
Q

List 2 evaluation points of the Family dysfunction explanation

A
  • research support - many have insecure attachment and more than 50% have history of abuse
  • can lead to parent blaming
28
Q

what are token economies

A
  • aylon amd azrin gave plastic gift tokens for making beds
  • tokens are given for desirable behaviour and the swapped for rewards
  • improves quality of life in hospitals
29
Q

Name 2 evaluation points of token economies

A
  • lacks external validity, difficult to conduct outside hospital setting
  • ethical issues- pros have power to control behavior imposing their norms on others
30
Q

What is dysfunctional thinking

A

lower levels of functioning in some areas, reduced in ventral striatrum, linked to negative symptoms

31
Q

What is meta reprasentation dysfunction

A
  • can’t recognise thoughts as own- leads to hallucinations and delusions
32
Q

what is central control dsyfunction

A

can’t supress automatic responses (triggers others thoughts) leads to speech poverty and derailment of thought

33
Q

what is an evaluation point the cognitive explanations of SZ

A
  • research support- people with schizophrenia took much longer to complete the stroop test
34
Q

What was Friths study

A
  • identified 2 types of dysfunctional thinking meterepresentation and central control
35
Q

Describe the biological treatment of schizophrenia

A

the use of typical antipyscotics- associated with dopamine hypothesis, first in use 1950s but declined

36
Q

what is the sedation effect

A

chloropromazine affects histime receptors, has calming affect

37
Q

What are dopamine antagonists

A

block dopamine receptors normally transmission

38
Q

What are atypical antipsychotics and what are the 2 types

A

aim to reduce symptoms without the side-effects of typicals

clozapine- enhances mood
risperidone- binds more strongly to serotonin so be can be used in much smaller doses

39
Q

What are 2 evaluation points of drug therapy

A
  • serious side effects- occasioanlly fatal

- mechanism unclear- based on dopamine hypothesis which may be wrong

40
Q

What is the interactionist approach to SZ

A

Vunerabilty (diathesis) and trigger (stress) interact, seperately may not lead to schizophrenia

41
Q

What is the diathesis stress model

A
  • schizogene creates vunerability to effects of stress
  • modern understanding of diathesis- not a single gene, may not even be genetic
  • mdoern understanding of stress- any potential trigger increases risk x7
42
Q

What is the treatment according to the DS model

A

cobine antipsycotics and CBT

43
Q

Give 3 evaluation points of the diathesis stress model

A
  • very complex
  • realworld application

-hogarty et al looked at relasped rates drug therapy, drug therapy rate was 41% but when with family support dropped to 19%

44
Q

What did read cover?

A
  • 2005
  • reviewed 46 studies of child abuse
  • 69% of adults diagnosed had a history of child abuse (women)
  • 59% (males)

PSYCH PAPER 3 (3 decks)

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