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psychology paper 3 > schizophrenia > Flashcards

schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

what is schizophrenia?

A
  • a mental disorder that involves disrupted thoughts and emotions
  • a type of psychosis which makes the individual split from reality
  • struggle to work out what is real and what isn’t real
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2
Q

what is a positive symptom?

A
  • something added to everyday life experience
  • new experiences that wouldn’t have had before
    eg. hearing voices
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3
Q

what is negative symptom?

A
  • something taken away from everyday life experience

eg. unable to hold a conversation

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4
Q

what is an hallucination?

A
  • positive symptom
  • unusual sensory experiences that can relate to all senses
  • can be linked to environment or unrelated
  • can distort reality or hallucinate something new that isn’t already there
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5
Q

what is a delusion?

A
  • positive symptom

- firm/false beliefs that take many forms

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6
Q

what is speech poverty/ alogia?

A
  • negative symptom
  • deficits in fluency of speech
  • fewer words
  • leave out grammar
  • blocked thought processes reflect this
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7
Q

what is avolition?

A
  • negative symptom
  • apathy (can’t start things)
  • unable to start and continue activities
  • can result in not doing anything
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8
Q

what is disorganised speech?

A
  • positive symptom
  • reflection of problems with organising thoughts
  • derailment (jump between topics)
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9
Q

what is dopamine?

A

neurotransmitter

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10
Q

what is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in several brain systems its been suggested too little or too mouch is associated with symptoms of sz depending of area of brain

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of antipsychotics?

A
  • typical (first type of drug that was developed)

- atypical (more modern drug)

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12
Q

what are some examples of atypical antipsychotics ?

A

clozapine (1970)

Risperidone (1990)

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13
Q

what are the side effects of clozapine?

A
  • can have fatal side effects
  • need for regular blood tests
  • risk of agranulocytosis (fatal blood condition)
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14
Q

what is an example of a typical antispychotic?

A

chlorpromazine

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15
Q

what are the side effects of risperidone?

A
  • fewer side effects than other drugs

- lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects(effects on movement)

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16
Q

what are the side effects of chlorpromazine ?

A

dizziness, stiff jaw

long term effects can include Tardive dyskinesia (face movement eg. blinking/lip smacking)

-neural malignant syndrome (high temperature/ coma)

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17
Q

what are the 3 factors looked at I family dysfunction?

A
  • schizophrenogenic mother
  • double binds
  • expressed emotion
18
Q

what is a schizophrenogenic mother?

A
  • FROMM- REICHMANN
  • cold, rejecting mothers can cause schizophrenia in their children through tense environment
  • impacts child by making them paranoid which can lead to delusions as a schizophrenia symotom
19
Q

what is double binds? what does it suggest?

A
  • BATESON
  • communication style in families is very important
  • double binds communication is risk factor for Sz (mixed messages)
  • child develops characteristics such as fear of doing wrong thing can lead to disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions (Sz symptoms)
20
Q

what are the 2 types of double binds presented by LIDZ?

A
  • marital schism

- marital skew

21
Q

what is marital schism double bind?

A
  • parents are emotionally distant
  • parents don’t compromise
  • parents compete for Childs attention
22
Q

what is marital skew?

A

-one dominant parent

23
Q

what is expressed emotion?

A
  • refers to to the emotions shown to patients from their carers
  • negative expressed emotion can be a trigger for someone with genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia or cause a relapse
24
Q

what are the key aspects of expressed emotion?

A
  • verbal criticism
  • hostility towards patient including anger and rejection
  • emotional over involvement (self sacrifice)

veehee

25
Q

what is family therapy? what did NICE suggest?

A
  • a range of interventions aimed at the family of the SZ patient
  • cover topics such as Sz mother, EE and double binds

NICE ( national institute for health and care excellence) suggested that family therapy should be offered to families of patients

26
Q

what are the aims of the family therapy process (Pharoah et al) ?

A
  • to reduce negative emotion and stress

- to improve families ability to help patient

27
Q

what was Pharaohs meta analysis?

A

-meta analysis of 53 studies of family therapy
continents : Europe, Asia, North America
-looked at the effectiveness of the therapy (difference to mental state, compliance with medication, social functioning and relapse)

28
Q

who is Frith et al?

A

-dysfunctional thought processing

central control / metarepresentation

29
Q

what is central control dysfunctional thought processing?

A

the ability to suppress automatic responses so that we carry out the actions that we choose to only

a dysfunction lead to symptoms of : thought disorder
-derailment (due to faulty filter)

30
Q

what is metarepresentation dysfunctional thought processing?

A

the ability to reflect on thoughts/ behaviour
-can help interpret own actions/ actions of others

a dysfunction of this can confuse understanding of who is controlling their actions - hallucinations and delusions

31
Q

what is CBT?

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

-based on the theories of BECK and ELLIS who suggest that the cause is faulty thinking/ irrational beliefs

32
Q

what is the process of CBT for schizophrenia (6 stages)?

A

-assessment
-engagemnet
ABC model
Normalisation
critical collaborative analysis
developing alternate explanations

abi ends a night calling dad

33
Q

what is a token economy?

A
  • used to help manage behaviour through the use of tokens as secondary reinforcers
  • positive reinforcement to reduce negative symptoms (behaviourist approach)
34
Q

what are the long term benefits of Token Economy?

A
  • can help improve quality of life

- prepare patient for life outside hospital

35
Q

what is delay discounting?

A

a reduced effect of reinforcement because of a time delay

- tokens should be given immediately to avoid this

36
Q

how can a patient learn to continue behaviour outside of a token economy system?

A
  • gradually change the reinforcement schedule (eg. rewards given at end of each week rather than every day)
  • can replace token rewards with verbal reinforcement/ recognition
37
Q

what is an interactionist approach to explaining schizophrenia?

A
  • acknowledges that a range of factors contribute towards schizophrenia
  • looks at both Nature and Nurture
38
Q

what did Meehl suggest in the original diathesis stress model?

A
  • vulnerability is entirely genetic as a result of 1 schizogene
  • without this one gene, no amount of stress can cause Sz

stressors are chronic stress through childhood and adolescence
-schizophrenogenic mother

39
Q

what does the modern diathesis stress model suggest?

A
  • says that there are many vulnerability genes (polycentirc)
  • psychological trauma can be diathesis rather than stress as can make a person vulnerable
  • early child trauma can also act as diathesis

there are many types of stressors/ triggers

  • psychological- stress resulting from parenting
  • life events eg. starting university
  • cannabis
40
Q

what is the interactionist approach to treating schizophrenia?

A
  • targets more than one factor in treatment eg. biological and psychological
  • looks at both Nature and Nurture
41
Q

what are the 2 psychological explanations for schizophrenia?

A
  • cognitive dysfunction

- family dysfunction

psychology paper 3 (2 decks)

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