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psychology paper 3 > forensic > Flashcards

forensic Flashcards

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1
Q

what is offender profiling ?

A

tool used to solve crimes by building a picture of characteristics the criminal may have.

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2
Q

what does an organised crime normally look like?

A

planned crime on a specific victim
usually dispose of body/ evidence
higher intelligence behind crime

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3
Q

what does a disorganised crime normally look like?

A

unplanned crime on random victim

-weapons/ DNA usually left behind

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4
Q

data assimilation

A

gathering evidence from crime scene

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5
Q

crime scene classification

A

is it organised or disorganised

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6
Q

crime reconstruction

A

hypothesis of how events occurred and victim behaviour

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7
Q

profile generation

A

hypothesis about criminal as result of all other predictions eg. physical features/ behaviours

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8
Q

what are the 4 stages to created a top-down FBI profile

A
  • data assimilation
  • crime scene classification
  • crime reconstruction
  • profile generation

(DCCP)

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9
Q

what is the top-down approach?

A

created by the FBI
based on interviews with 36 sexually motivated serial killers
-categorises crime into organised/disorganised

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10
Q

what is the bottom up approach?

A
  • looks at consistencies in offender behaviour

- use of statistical analysis (computer)

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11
Q

what does the bottom up approach include?

A
  • investigative psychology

- geographic profiling

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12
Q

what is investigative psychology?

A
  • aims to match evidence collected from crimes using statistical analysis (computers)
  • identifies patterns of behaviours

SMALLEST SPACE ANALYSIS:

  • uses police data to create profiles
  • input new info and search for patterns in new and previous crimes already in database

INTERPERSONAL COHERENCE
-believe that behaviour is consistent and that there will be similarities between criminal behaviour and daily behaviour

FORENSIC AWARENESS
individuals may have an idea on how to reduce forensic findings through past experience (eg. wiping fingerprints)

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13
Q

what is Geographic profiling?

A

‘crime mapping’
-use location facts to build hypothesis about crime

-CENTRE OF GRAVITY + JEOPARDY SURFACE
idea that plotting previous crimes can help locate the offenders base and location of future crimes

-CIRCLE THEORY: plot the points where crimes have occurred will usually fit within a circle and give indication of whereabouts

  • MARAUDERS VS COMMUTERS: help predict their style of movement
  • marauder- commit crimes near where live/work
  • commuter- travel to commit crime
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14
Q

what was Canters study? what were the findings?

A
  • tested. reliability of top-down approach by applying it to 100 cases (using a content analysis)
  • twice as many disorganised crimes were identified than organised crimes. - this suggests that disorganised offenders are more easily found.

concluded that better to look at personality differences between offenders rather than type of crimes. (bottom up )

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15
Q

what is Eysenck’s personality theory?

A

said that the criminal personality can be determined along 3 different dimensions

  • neuroticism- stability
  • extrovert-introvert
  • psychotics- socialism
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16
Q

what personality traits did Eysenck find to be most linked to criminality? and why?

A
  • extroverts ( extroverts are under aroused and therefore seek adrenaline and arousal through engaging with dangerous activity/crime)
  • neurotic (instability in sympathetic nervous system (flight or fight) causes overreacting )
  • psychotic (high levels of testosterone which causes aggression)
17
Q

what does the cognitive theory suggest about offending?

A
  • suggestion that offending behaviour is caused by cognitive processes (cognitive distortions and moral reasoning)
18
Q

what are the 2 types of cognitive distortions?

A
  • minimalisation

- hostile attribution bias

19
Q

what is minimalisation?

A

-when an individual down-plays the severity/ consequence of their actions.

20
Q

what is hostile attribution bias?

A
  • when someone misreads non-aggressive actions as being aggressive or threatening
    eg. being stared at by someone
21
Q

what is Kohlberg’s moral reasoning theory?

A
  • applied the concept of moral reasoning to offending behaviour by asking offenders moral dilemmas (eg. Heinz)
  • suggested that peoples behaviour decisions could be explained/ summarised through a stage theory of moral reasoning (stages 1-6)
22
Q

how do Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning explain offending?

A

criminals are most likely to be in the pre- conventional stage of moral reasoning (stages 1 and 2) - they are less mature and have a need to avoid punishment and gain reward eg. money and respect through committing a crime

non criminals are most likely to be in conventional stages and beyond

23
Q

who proposed the differential association theory?

A

Sutherland

24
Q

what are the key concepts of the differential association theory?

A
  • criminal behaviour is learnt through association with intimate personal groups
  • relation to learnt attitudes about offending as well as techniques
25
Q

what is a cognitive distortion?

A

faulty, irrational ways of thinking on how we perceive ourselves, others and the world

26
Q

what is meant by a persons level of moral reasoning?

A

refers to the way a person thinks about right and wrong

27
Q

what are the key concepts of the psychodynamic explanation of offending?

A
  • a combination of innate drives and childhood experience create the adult personality
28
Q

how could Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation link to offending?

A
  • can be used to explain offending

- affection-less psychopathy as a result of deprivation can lead to offending (lack of empathy/ guilt)

29
Q

what was the 44 theives study? what were the findings?

A

interviewed t 44 offenders and looked for signs of ‘affection-less psychopathy’

  • their families were also interview to see any early separation
  • compared to a control group

14/44 were classified affection less psychopaths
12/14 had prolonged separation in critical period

shows massive link between maternal deprivation and offending due to becoming an affection-less psychopath

30
Q

what are the 2 main theories considered in the psychodynamic explanation of offending?

A
  • Freuds tri-part personality

- Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

31
Q

what is the ID personality part?

A

-‘pleasure principle’
-controls our desires and wants
-unconscious drives
can be seen from birth

32
Q

what is the EGO personality part?

A

‘reality principle”
-balance between the ID and SUPEREGO
can be seen from around age 2

33
Q

what is the SUPEREGO personality part?

A

‘moral principle’
controls what we view as right and wrong
can be seen from around age 5

34
Q

what are the 3 types of SUPEREGO?

A
  • strong superego
  • weak superego
  • deviant superego
35
Q

what is a strong superego?

A
  • feel a strong need for punishment due to guilt
  • caused by harsh/ strict parenting

-may unconsciously feel the need to carry out criminal acts in order to be satisfied with punishment

36
Q

who is Blackburn and what did he suggest?

A

-suggested that having an under or over development of a superego can lead to criminal behaviours

37
Q

what is a weak superego?

A
  • caused by a lack of a loving parent in childhood
  • leads o characteristics such as being uncaring, aggressive, selfish
  • can increase offending
38
Q

what is a deviant superego?

A
  • when superego internalisation is made with an immoral figure
    eg. a criminal father will influence his son and increase his rate of offending

psychology paper 3 (2 decks)

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