Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adv. Psychopathology Midterm > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Positive Sxs

A

Atypical excesses (not a part of normal experience) i.e. hallucinations, delusions, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Negative Sxs

A

Absence of normally occurring behaviors, i.e. lack of speech (alogia, amotivation, asociality) etc.

Up to 60% of those with Schizophrenia have strong neg. Sxs.

Neg. Sxs are frequently first Sx of illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Hallucinations

A

Perception not based on external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Illusion

A

Misperception of an external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Delusion

A

False belief maintained despite strong evidence to the contrary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Delusions can either be:
______ or _______

A

Bizarre - can never possibly occur

Non-bizarre - could potentially occur (but aren’t occurring now)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Specific types of delusions:
Ideas of reference

A

Incorrectly believe external events are occurring for or with specific reference to oneself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Specific types of delusions:
Thought broadcasting

A

Delusion that one’s thoughts are being broadcast out loud for others to hear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Specific types of delusions:
Thought insertion

A

Delusion that some of one’s thoughts have been inserted in one’s mind by others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Loose associations/derailment

A

Person’s ideas slip from one topic to another - at best obliquely related to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Neologism

A

a made-up word used by the person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Clanging

A

words are strung together based on sound similarity (vs. meaning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Word salad/Incoherence

A

a mixture of words and phrases that lack logical coherence

this disturbance occurs within clauses, whereas with loose associations is between clauses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychosis Terminology:

Poverty of content

A

person speaks but conveys little content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Negative Sxs: Referred to as the A’s (Bleuler’s terminology)
Alogia

A

impoverished speech and thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Negative Sxs: Referred to as the A’s (Bleuler’s terminology)
Avolition

A

inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Negative Sxs: Referred to as the A’s (Bleuler’s terminology)
Affect

A

refers to emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Negative Sxs: Referred to as the A’s (Bleuler’s terminology)
Blunted affect

A

affective expression is reduced in intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Negative Sxs: Referred to as the A’s (Bleuler’s terminology)
Flat affect

A

an absence of affective expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Negative Sxs: Referred to as the A’s (Bleuler’s terminology)
Inappropriate affect

A

affective content does not match the situation or content of what is being said

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Psychosis Terminology:
Negative Sxs: Referred to as the A’s (Bleuler’s terminology)
Anhedonia

A

inability to experience pleasure from activities that usually produce pleasurable feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Schizophrenia Course:

Prodromal phase

A

the period leading up to the full blown Dx characterized by increase in Sxs and increase in adjustment problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Schizophrenia Course:

Residual

A

phase of the illness after remission of the florid active Sxs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Diagnostics:
A. More than 2 Sxs each present for a significant portion of time during a 1 month period (less if successfully treated). (Most crucial criteria)

5 Domains

A

At least 1 of which must be (1), (2), or (3).

  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganized speech
    (freq. derailment or incoherence)
  4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  5. Negative Sxs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Diagnostics:
B. For a significant portion of time since onset, level of functioning in more than 2 major areas (e.g., work, interpersonal, self-care) is markedly ________ prior to onset.

A

below level

if onset during childhood there is a failure to achieve expected levels of functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Diagnostics:

C. Continuous signs persist for _____

A

more than 6 months

The 6 months MUST include at least 1 month of active Sxs (less if actively treated) (active = meets criteria A)

AND

Rest of time may be prodromal or residual

Note: during prodromal or residual phase, disturbance may be manifested only as -
1. negative Sxs
OR
2. more than 2 criteria A Sxs present in an attenuated form (odd beliefs vs. delusions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Diagnostics:

D. Schizoaffective Dx and Depressed or Bipolar Dxs with psychotic features have been ruled out b/c…

A

No major depressive or manic episodes during acute phase

OR

If mood episodes occur during active phase, they represent only a minor to total duration of the active and residual periods of the Dx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Diagnostics:

E. Disturbance not attributable to ______ or other ________

A

substance or other medical condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Diagnostics:

F. If Hx of ASD or a Communication Dx with childhood onset, additional Dx of schizophrenia ONLY MADE IF….

A

Prominent hallucinations or delusions, in addition to other required Sxs of schizophrenia are also present for more than 1 month (or less if successfully treated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Specifiers:
Hx specifiers:
Episodes
Remissions

A
  • first episode
  • multiple episodes
  • continuous
  • acute = Sx criteria fulfilled
  • full or partial remission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Specifiers:
Catatonia specifier:
Reactivity to environment

A

-Marked decrease in reactivity to the environment

present in several Dxs - psychotic, mood, and ASD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q 
Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Specifiers:
Catatonia specifier: 
Extreme reactions 
S/M
A
A

stupor/mutism or agitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q 
Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Specifiers:
Catatonia specifier:
Repetitive behaviors
E
E
S
S
A
  • echolalia (repeating speech)
  • echopraxia (repeating actions)
  • staring
  • stereotypies (repeated motor behaviors with no goal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Specifiers:
Catatonia specifier:
Behaviors that don’t mach the situation

A
  • mannerisms

- grimaces

35
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM-5 Specifiers:
Catatonia specifier:
Motoric

A
  • posturing
  • catalepsy (maintains a posture against gravity then slowly sinks back into resting state
  • waxy flexibility (maintains posture against gravity and resists repositioning)
  • negativism (resistant to direction)
36
Q 
Schizophrenia - Associated Sxs:
Often present
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Before psychotic Sxs appear
  2. During remission
  3. Seen in 1st degree relatives
37
Q 
Schizophrenia - Associated Sxs:
Cognitive Sxs:
Overall mental task deficits in...
1.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2.\_\_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_
4.\_\_\_\_\_\_
5.\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Attention
  2. Decreased processing speed (verbal tasks, visual stimuli)
  3. Decreased Verbal memory
  4. Decreased EF skills
  5. Decreased reasoning
38
Q 
Schizophrenia - Associated Sxs:
Social Cognition Sxs:
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_
3. \_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Emotional recognition
  2. Social problem solving
  3. Theory of the mind (putting self in other’s shoes - recognizing that others have a mind as well)
39
Q 
Schizophrenia - Associated Sxs:
Motor Sxs:
1.\_\_\_\_\_\_
2.\_\_\_\_\_\_
3.\_\_\_\_\_\_
4.\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Early motor milestones (e.g., walking)
  2. Gesturing
  3. Sensory integration
  4. Motor planning and sequencing
40
Q

Schizophrenia Onset:
Late _____/early _____ for males (family of origin might pull child back)

Mid ____ to early _____ for females (implications for later onset - might have two support systems - family of origin and family of marriage)

A

teens; 20s for males

mid 20s; early 30s for females

41
Q 
Schizophrenia 
Other sex differences:
Females MORE likely to...
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Be married

2. Have an affective component

42
Q

Schizophrenia
Other sex differences:
Females are LESS likely to…
1. ______

A
  1. Have a Sx profile noteworthy for strong negative Sxs

Negative Sxs are associated with poorer outcome than positive Sxs

43
Q

Schizophrenia
Prognosis:
A poorer prognosis is associated with…
1. Early _____

A

onset

44
Q

Schizophrenia
Prognosis:
A poorer prognosis is associated with…

  1. Gradual _____
A

onset/poor premorbid functioning

45
Q

Schizophrenia
Prognosis:
A poorer prognosis is associated with…

  1. ______ sex
A

the male

46
Q

Schizophrenia
Prognosis:
A poorer prognosis is associated with…

  1. _____ Hx of Sz.
A

Family Hx

47
Q

Schizophrenia
Prognosis:
A poorer prognosis is associated with…

  1. High levels of ______ _____ in family members with whom the client resides
  • Increased _____ over-involvement
  • Increased ______
A

expressed emotion;

increased emotional over-involvement;

increased hostility

48
Q

Schizophrenia
Course:
Incidence of Sz. is ________ in different countries

A

the same

49
Q

Schizophrenia
Course:
The course was _____ in developing (vs. developed) countries

A

better

50
Q

Schizophrenia
Course Cultural Differences:
Cultures _____ in how they deal with Dxs

A

vary

51
Q

Schizophrenia
Course Cultural Differences:
Closer links between ____ and _____ (may normalize behaviors)

A

Sxs; cultural/religious practices

52
Q

Schizophrenia
Course Cultural Differences:
Stigma levels _____

A

vary

53
Q

Schizophrenia
Course Cultural Differences:
More likely to be cared for by ______

A

family

54
Q

Schizophrenia
Course Cultural Differences:
_______ likely to be married

A

More

55
Q

Schizophrenia
Course Cultural Differences:
Extended ___________ may allow for more _______ re: home and life

A

family involvement; more role differentiation

56
Q

Schizophrenia
Course Cultural Differences:
Developed nations may foster a _______ patient mentality

A

professional

57
Q

Schizophrenia
Etiology: Genetics
Genetic factors account for up to ____ to _____ of variance in Sz.

A

60-80%

58
Q

Schizophrenia
Etiology: Genetics
Adopted children had ______ rates of Sz if their bio moms had Sz
IF they grew up in adopted family that was rated as _______

A

higher; dysfunctional

59
Q

Schizophrenia
Etiology: Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
Diathesis + Stress = Sz

Diathesis is…

A

underlying vulnerability

60
Q

Schizophrenia
Etiology: Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis: Diathesis + Stress
Genetic Diathesis

A
  • If genetic, likely involves multiple genes

- Likely to develop into psychosis generally (vs. Sz specifically)

61
Q

Schizophrenia
Etiology: Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis: Diathesis + Stress
Environmental Diathesis

A

Maternal complications (rubella, diabetes, smoking)

62
Q

Schizophrenia
Etiology: Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis: Stress + Diathesis
1. Excessive _____ pruning during adolescence
2. Myelination
3. _______ use during adolescence increase risk of Sz.
4. Psycho_____ stress

A
  1. synaptic
  2. problems
  3. Cannabis
  4. Psychosocial
63
Q 
Schizophrenia Etiology:
Brain Structural Issues:
Associated but not uniquely so with....
1. Enlarged \_\_\_\_\_
2. Decreased \_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. ventricles

2. gray matter

64
Q

Schizophrenia Etiology:
Dopamine Hypothesis:
Meds/drugs that increase dopamine lead to increase in _________

A

positive Sxs

65
Q

Schizophrenia Etiology:
Dopamine Hypothesis:
Sz involves dysfunction in the DA system but….

A

not as simple as too much DA in the system

66
Q 
Schizophrenia Etiology:
Dopamine Hypothesis:
Other NTs likely to have a role:
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Glutamate

2. GABA

67
Q

Antipsychotic Tx administration methods:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Pill
  2. Liquid
  3. Depot (long term shot)

Affect DA and other neurotransmitters

A few days to work for agitation and hallucination

Several weeks to work for delusions

68
Q

Antipsychotic Meds

Clozapine (Clozaril)

A

Most effective antipsychotic by far but serious side effects preclude widespread usage - regular blood drawing.

Can cause agranulocytosis - loss of WBC

69
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects:

Cardiac

A

QT prolongation

70
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects:

Alertness levels:

A

Sedation

71
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects:

Metabolic

A

Weight gain
Changes in metabolism
Increase risk of diabetes
Increase risk of high cholesterol

72
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects:

Motor (Extrapyramidal)

A

Rigidity
Muscle Spasms
Tremors, restlessness

73
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects:

Tardive Dyskinesia

A
  • Sudden involuntary muscle movements, typically around the mouth, tongue, and face.
  • Only sometimes reversible with meds discontinued.
74
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects:
Weight gain
Which meds are worst?

A

Worst:
Zotepine (Zoleptil)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)

75
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects:
QTc Prolongation:
Which drugs are worst?

A

Worst:
Sertindole (Serdolect)
Amisulpride (Solian)

76
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects:
Sedation:
Which meds are worst?

A

Worst:
Zuclopethixol (Clopixol)
Clozapine (Clozaril)

77
Q

Sz Tx:
Assertive Community Treatment: Med adherence is low for Sz, so ACT intervention developed.

Key Elements:

A
  • Multidisciplinary team
  • High patient contact
  • Reduced caseload
  • 24/7 availability
78
Q

Sz Tx:
Assertive Community Treatment: Med adherence is low for Sz, so ACT intervention developed.

Efficacy

A

Compared to Tx as Usual (TAU) ACT has

  • Increased med adherence
  • Increased quality of life
  • increased likelihood to be employed and living independently
  • decreased time in hospital/re-hospitalization
  • More cost effective
79
Q

Sz Tx:
Family Psycho-education/Decrease expressed emotion

Key elements:
Typically lasts 6-9 months and involves…

A
  • psychoeducation
  • communication skills
  • problem solving
  • decreased high expressed emotion
    • decreased hostility/criticism
    • decreased emotional over-involvement
80
Q

Sz Tx:
Family Psycho-education/Decrease expressed emotion

Efficacy:
Participants found to have…

A
  • higher functioning
  • higher med compliance
  • decreased hospitalization
  • decreased sense of burden among family members
81
Q

Cochrane Review of Interventions with Sz:

CBT

A

showed some efficacy for positive Sxs but not for negative

However

  • effects only lasted as long as continued CBT
  • higher the quality of the study (methodologically), the lower the effect size
82
Q

Cochrane Review of Interventions with Sz:

Social Skills training

A
  • some decrease in negative Sxs and relapse

- unclear if reaches significance level

83
Q

Cochrane Review of Interventions with Sz:

Supported employment

A
  • Individualized employment - some positive results re: retaining employment
  • low-quality data

Adv. Psychopathology Midterm (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions