Schizo

Question 1

10% suicide rate in schizophrenia - more probable if male, unemployed, tardive dyskinesia

Answer 1

Roy 1982

Question 2

Many contributing SNPs have been identified

Answer 2

The International Schizophrenia Consortium, 2009

Question 3

Large study of Danish twins.

High concordance rate - 33% in monozygotic twins c.f. 7% dizygotic. Suggests genetic element

Answer 3

Hilker et al., 2017

Question 4

High levels of DISC1 mutations in families prone to psych conditions

Answer 4

St Clair et al., 1990

Question 5

Induced mutant human DISC1 in mice causes impaired social interactions, hyperactivity, enlarged ventricles

Answer 5

Pletnikov et al., 2008

Question 6

White matter abnormalities - particularly in corpus callosum and corona radiatum. >4000 subjects - robust evidence

Answer 6

Kelly et al., 2018

Question 7

Corollary discharge hypothesis initially proposed by …

Answer 7

Feinberg + Guazzelli, 1999

Question 8

Speech-auditory corollary discharge deficits in people with schizophrena

Answer 8

Ford and Mathalon, 2008

Question 9

Oculomotor corollary discharge deficits in people with schizo

Answer 9

Thakkar et al., 2015

Question 10

Over-attribution of non-self generated actions to self

Answer 10

Hauser et al., 2003

Question 11

Abnormal sense of agency

Answer 11

Hauser et al., 2003

Question 12

Subjects heard own tapping or distorted tapping. PWS attributed distorted tapping to themselves - abnormal sense of agency

Answer 12

Hauser et al., 2003

Question 13

Agency tapping study

Answer 13

Hauser et al., 2003

Question 14

Intentional binding

Answer 14

If a person has a sense of agency relating to an action, the time between this action and its effect is perceived as shorter. Implicit measure of sense of agency

Question 15

Intentional binding described by….

Answer 15

Haggard et al., 2002

Question 16

Key press –> audio study

Answer 16

Voss et al., 2010

Question 17

PD pts off meds - same intentional binding as controls. Treated - abnormal intentional binding. DA role??

Answer 17

Moore et al., 2010

Question 18

APs function by blocking D2Rs - dopamine hypothesis

Answer 18

Seeman et al., 1975

Question 19

Drugs that increase DA e.g. amphetamines cause psychosis

Answer 19

Bramness et al., 2012

Question 20

D2Rs elevated in postmortem SZ

Answer 20

Seeman et al., 1990

Question 21

Hyperdopaminergia may also cause neg sx by drowning out natural reward pathway

Answer 21

Roiser et al., 2009

Question 22

DA involved in assigning salience - too much results in delusions and hallicinations

Answer 22

Kapur 2003

Question 23

APs work by attenuating salience

Answer 23

Kapur 2003

Question 24

Grey matter abnormalities inc. smaller hippo, amyg. Robust evidence >4000 subjects

Answer 24

van Erp et al., 2016

Question 25

Decreased expression of glutamate Rs postmortem

Answer 25

Harrison et al., 1991

Question 26

NMDA antag ketamine produced SZ-like neg and pos sx

Answer 26

Krystal et al., 1994

Question 27

Mice with reduced NMDA Rs (NR1) display social isolation, hyperactivity which are reversed by APs

Answer 27

Mohn et al., 1999

Question 28

Glutamate hypothesis

Answer 28

Goff + Coyle 2001

Question 29

GABA hypothesis - repeated ket admin causes abberant GABA system

Answer 29

Keilhoff et al,. 2004

Question 30

Decreased parvalbumin staining in hippocampus postmortem

Answer 30

Zhang et al., 2002

Question 31

Deficits in PPI traced to a7 nicotinic R

Answer 31

Adler et al., 1998

Question 32

Swedish longitudinal study - Correlation with number of cannabis uses

Answer 32

Andreasson et al., 1987

Question 33

Abnormal myelination of frontal white matter fasciculi - late to develop explaining adolescent onset

Answer 33

Whitford et al., 2012

Question 34

Myelien defects - conduction delays - late corollary discharge

Answer 34

Whitford et al., 2012